2. Count the "F's" in the following text: FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE- SULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIF- IC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS... How many? 3? No… …6. Really.

3. The brain cannot process "OF". Incredible or what ? Anyone who counts all 6 "F's" on the first go is a genius. Three is normal, four is quite rare.

6. Microevolution focuses on studying genetic variation due to recombination, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, and mutation at the species and subspecies level.

7. Macroevolution refers to major evolutionary changes over time, the origin of new types of organisms from previously existing, but different, ancestral types. Examples of this would be fish descending from an invertebrate animal, or whales descending from a land mammal.

9. Adaptation is brought about by cumulative natural selection. Small changes, favored by selection, can be the stepping-stone to further changes. The summation of large numbers of these changes is what we think of as evolution.

10. Fossils provide an actual record of Earth’s past life-forms. Change over time (evolution) can be seen in the fossil record. Fossilized species found in older rocks are different from those found in newer rocks., Fossils of early multicellular life-forms, such as the crinoid, occur in 800-million-year-old rocks found in Indiana. Fossils of the pterodactyl, an extinct reptile, occur in 140- to 210-million-year-old rocks.

11. Whales are thought to have evolved from an ancestral line of four-legged mammals represented here by their fossils and artistic reconstructions showing what scientists think that they may have looked like.

12. Comparisons of the anatomy of different types of organisms often reveal basic similarities in body structures even though the structure’s functions may differ between organisms.

13. HumansPenguins Alligators Bats

15. These changes are due to mutations and natural selection. As species evolved, one change after another should have become part of their genetic instructions. Therefore, more and more changes in the organisms DNA should build up over time.

16. By studying fossils, scientists can learn about the diversity of life and about the behavior of ancient organisms. About 95 percent of the species that of the species that have existed are extinct they no longer live on Earth.

17. Relative Dating Scientists use a variety of methods to determine the age of fossils. One method is a technique called “relative dating”.Scientists use a variety of methods to determine the age of fossils. One method is a technique called “relative dating”. Its not just in Arkansas anymore!

18. Relative Dating cont. If the rock layers have not been disturbed,If the rock layers have not been disturbed, the layers the layers at the at the surface surface must be must be younger younger than the than the deeper deeper layers. layers.

19. Break into 6 equal lab groups and read about the Law of Superposition.Break into 6 equal lab groups and read about the Law of Superposition. Paste a copy of the land formations in your notebook and work as a group to answer the questions at the bottom of the handout.Paste a copy of the land formations in your notebook and work as a group to answer the questions at the bottom of the handout.

20. 1.Do you think the pattern of change shown by the horse teeth supports this hypothesis? Why or why not? (Yes, because you can see a change from low crowns above the root of the tooth to a very tall crown.) 2. How would you test this hypothesis? (study the teeth of living herbivores for similar patterns; study the teeth of other herbivore fossils found with the fossil horses for similar patterns) 1. Which layer is the oldest in each formation? How would you know if these two layers are the same age? E is the oldest layer in Formation 1. C is the oldest layer in Formation 2. The two layers would be of the same age if they have similar compositions and fossil records. 2. Suppose fossils from layer C in Formation 2 are the same as fossils from layer D in Formation 1. What could you say about the age of fossils from Layer E? Since layer E lies beneath layer D, fossils from layer E must be older than those in layers D and C. They are older than the fossils in layers D and C 3. Suppose you also found that layers C and B' shared similar fossils. Layers B and A' look very similar, but contain no fossils. What could you say about the relative ages of all layers of both formations? Because layers C and B are probably the same age and layers D and C are the same age, B and A are likely the same age. Layer A is probably the newest because it is deposited on layer B, which is the same age as A and younger than C and B, which are younger than D and C, which are younger than E. 4. Suggest one or more geological events that might explain why Formation 2 has fewer layers than Formation 1. Deposition of sediment may have begun later in Formation 2. The top layer of Formation 2 may have been eroded by wind or water or may have fallen away in a landslide.

21. Relative Dating cont. The fossils in the top layer must also be younger than those in deeper layers.The fossils in the top layer must also be younger than those in deeper layers. Using this principle, scientists can determine relative age and the order of appearance of the species that are preserved as fossils in the layers.Using this principle, scientists can determine relative age and the order of appearance of the species that are preserved as fossils in the layers. Oldest Youngest

23. Begin by reading the introduction to the Where The Hippos Roam Lab Activity.

24. Read the Problem from the bottom half of page 2 and use the data table at the top of the page to complete the grid on the following page.

25. Complete the grid based on the information you gathered from page 2 of the lab handout. Answer the analysis question usig complete sentences