1. Ichiro Adachi for the aerogel RICH R&D group KEK RICH2004 2004.Dec.01 Study of Highly Transparent Silica Aerogel as RICH Radiator Introduction Aerogel production New solvent and optimization Optical quality Design considerations Conclusions

2. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 1 Acknowledgements Coating business promotion group, Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. http://www.mew.co.jp/e-aerogel/

3. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 2 Introduction Proximity focusing RICH using silica aerogel as Cherenkov radiator (talked by Peter Krizan) PID device in the forward region at the Belle detector Silica aerogel with n=1.05 as baseline design Requirements on aerogel radiator Transparent Excellent quality for downstream tile For multiple radiator case (talked by Samo Korpar) Hydrophobic Reasonable size Crack-free Aerogel radiator Photodetector Readout electronics Cherenkov photon n=1.05

4. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 3 Aerogel production Colloidal formation Treatment for hydrophobic Supercritical drying Use CO 2 extraction Safer due to low supercritical point 31degree & 7.5MPa n Si(OR) 4 + 4 n H 2 O  n Si(OH) 4 + 4 n H 2 O hydrolysis n Si(OH) 4  (SiO 2 ) n + 2 n H 2 O condensation 3-dimensional network alcohol cf: methanol: 240degree & 8.1MPa ammonia

5. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 4 Aerogel production so far Lots of experience in making aerogel tiles (1994-1997) For the Belle Aerogel Cherenkov counter ~7000 blocks of 10x10x2cm 3 ranging n=1.010-1.030 Optimization done for them Optical quality gets worse if index goes beyond ~1.04 Transmission length(mm) Refractive index drop quickly when n>1.04 Transmission length~12mm at n=1.05 at 400nm  How to improve?

6. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 5 New production technique(1) New solvent introduced:DMF(N,N-di-methly-formamide) Use DMF together with Methanol as solvent Our trial with DMF Transmission length(400nm) ~40mm for n=1.050 obtained chemical formulaHCON(CH 3 ) 2 molecular weight80.14 usage Dissolve various organic compounds remarks Low volatility Stable in normal condition Avoid breathing vapor

7. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 6 New production technique(2) Why DMF effective ? Internal surface area for methanol and DMF samples were compared in nitrogen vapor adsorption method nitrogen surface adsorption(m 2 /g) BET method from MEW DMF is expected to help making up higher porosity, suggesting making smaller pores in a sol-gel process DMF sample has larger internal surface area than methanol one As a result, higher transparency

8. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 7 DMF mixing ratio(%) Optimization using DMF H 2 O quantity T.L.(400nm) High transparency with DMF >~ 70% Clear peak in H 2 O quantity Optimization done by making small samples with 40x40x10mm 3 MOH onlyDMF only How about larger and thicker sample?

9. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 8 Large sample production 100x100mm 2 with 10/15/20mm thickness Sets of optimized parameters(for n= 1.050) provided from small samples. produce samples of n= 1.045-1.060 100x100x20mm 3 n=1.050 No cracks Sample we have obtained

10. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 9 Optical quality - Transmission - Comparison in transmissions between 2 sets of parameters for 100x100x10mm 3 samples T = A  exp(  C  t/ 4 ) C: clarity factor A: surface factor Clarity factor set2 set1 mean:0.000633(  m 4 /mm) mean:0.000912(  m 4 /mm) target n=1.050

11. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 10 Optical quality - Transmission length - Transmission length at 400nm For 13 out of 36 samples, T.L. exceeds 40mm A long tail to low T.L. region may suggest a possible instability in alcogel production More investigation necessary

12. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 11 Optical quality - Refractive index - target 1.045 target index measured index 1.0451.0456 ±0.0003 1.0501.0518 ±0.0003 1.0551.0534 ±0.0004 1.0601.0606 ±0.0005 target 1.050 target 1.055 target 1.060 Refractive index management Fine tuning will be done measured with Fraunhofer method(405nm laser) systematic error not included (measured)

13. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 12 Crack-free sample Making “crack-free” aerogel tiles is another issue thickness # of crack-free/total # of samples(%) For 10mm thick samples, 100 % crack-free, while 70% if thickness is 20mm This yield may be improved by tuning mixing ratio at sol-gel process as well as supercritical drying conditions 100x100mm 2 cross section

14. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 13 Hydrophobic feature Hydrophobic feature tested Aerogel put into water and compare transmission between before & after this T.L.(400nm): 25.5mm  28.2mm beforeafter Even better! washing effect? Hydrophobicity well possessed

15. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 14 Beam test results To confirm aerogel quality, beam test has been performed T.L.(400nm):40.9mm refractive index:1.053 thickness:18.75mm 2003 March beam test Transmission length(mm) Npe 2001 beam test improvement

16. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 15 Further attempt for multiple-layer aerogel(1) Multiple-layers in one aerogel tile 2 (or more) layers with different refractive indices Two layers attached directly at molecular level Easy to handle when considering a multiple radiator scheme Insensitive to possible surface effect n=1.050 n=1.045 “combined” T.L.(400nm)=41.1mm

17. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 16 Further attempt for multiple-layer aerogel(2) We will compare various quantities among the following test samples: n=1.050 n=1.055 crack transparency index boundary n=1.050 n=1.045 n=1.055 Even triple layers in a single tile produced! Investigating the best solution Try more!!! “aerogel-focusing”

18. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 17 Design considerations as RICH radiator(1) Flatness of aerogel block is important when one stacks or cover a certain area with aerogel tiles Meniscus causes “gap” between radiators Aerogel block This was made by the fact that one surface of an alcogel always faces outside during aging process. Produce alcogel in the sealed vessel (with a cover) and is left inside it during aging 3 layers (100x100x10mm 3 size) stacked Another merit: surface quality can be better Gap found ~< 1.0mm

19. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 18 Design considerations as RICH radiator(2) Aerogel tile in hexagonal shape is desirable due to smaller loss of Cherenkov photons at edges Cut into hexagonal shape from square block Machining device of “water-jet” thanks to hydrophobic nature Surface quality has to be checked in a test beam Excellent precision in angle and length 1cm thick of 1.050 sample

20. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 19 Design considerations as RICH radiator(3) How to hold aerogel blocks can be a potential problem in mechanical design Adhesive can deteriorate aerogel optical quality If not, we can use a simple bonding in constructing a real detector T(400nm) ratio No deterioration when DP-190 is used DP-190

21. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 20 Conclusions Aerogel for RICH radiator has been developed Production of aerogel tiles with n=1.05 has been successfully done and transmission length at 400nm has reached 40mm Issues for a stable production and index management Optical quality of our samples has been examined in a test beam and improvements confirmed Further challenges are going on Thicker and bigger blocks Multiple-layer blocks Machining possibility …. etc

22. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 21 Backup slide

23. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 22 Silica oil: oligomer Methylalkoxide:Methyl-silicate 51 Components are almost similar to that in precursor from 2-step method

24. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 23 Treatment for hydrophbicity

25. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 24 Supercritical drying facility Extraction volume:140liter Once shutdown after Belle aerogel production completed, being resumed operation since this summer

26. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 25 Supercritical drying Well follow temperature and pressure control used at KEK in ‘90s Temperature at extraction volume Temperature at heater Pressure Time(hr) 1 batch = 56hrs Temperature(deg) Pressure(Mpa)

27. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 26 Optical quality - Transmission - Comparison in transmission between 2 sets of parameters for 100x100x10mm 3 samples n=1.050 T = A  exp(  C  t/ 4 ) C: clarity factor A: surface factor Clarity factor set2 set1 set2 Surface factor 1: 0.000912(  m 4 /mm) 2: 0.000633(  m 4 /mm)

28. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 27 Effect on angle measurement index:+2  Angle difference : 1.8mrad(0.56%) at 4GeV/c for pions

29. 5th International Workshop on RIng Imaging Cherenkov Counters(RICH2004) 28