1. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Nature Protection in Austria Some theoretical and practical considerations

2. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Overview Introduction 1.Understanding of Nature Protection 2.Practical Framework for Nature Protection in Austria 3.Three Case Studies related to Nature Protection in Austria

3. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Introduction Currently Guest Associate Prof. at Univ. of Tokyo, Lab. Of Land Resource Sciences Senior lecturer at Dep. For Landscape Architecture, Technical University Vienna Active in international scientific NGOs (IAD, IIASA Society, Snowfuture and others) Information about scientific work www.breiling.org www.breiling.org

4. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 PART 1: Understanding Nature Protection Nature Protection consists out of 2 terms –Nature –Protection What is Nature? –Different concepts to explain nature –2 principal major views on nature

5. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Understanding of Nature (Ia) I) Nature is ínfinite, allmighty and everything: harmonic, holistic concept –Synonyms God Earth World Thruth Reality

6. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Understanding of Nature (Ib) I) Nature includes everything –Humans –Culture –Landscape –Environment –Ecology –Sustainability

7. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Understanding of Nature (IIa) II) Nature is finite and partial: conflict, threat concept –Synonyms Environment Ecology –Antonym Culture –In Between Landscape Sustainability

8. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Understanding of Nature (IIb) II) Nature includes –Resources Land Water Air Energy Materials

9. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Understanding of Nature (IIc) II) Nature is in conflict with culture –Continous loss of nature and increase of culture –Depletion of resources –Deterioration of environment Pollution Loss of nature variety Counteractions required

10. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Understanding of Nature (IId) II) Landscape –Consists of Nature and Culture As everything has today a human sphere of influence, there exists only „landscape“ and no longer nature –Different intensities of nature and culture A forest- or agricultural landscape has more nature than an urban landscape Different landscape types derive from this concept

11. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Understanding of Nature (IIe) II) Sustainability –Consists of Nature and Culture Came up 20 years ago and subsituted ecological planning Ecologic, Economic and Social Concern is connected to sustainability –No types available like in the case of landscape –Has to be defined in space and time to be useful

12. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Protection Related to human interests –Human have an interest to conserve nature Nature protection is part of „Culture“ –a „cultural product“ Often when other needs are satisfied –Perhaps a „luxurity interest“ –Possibilities for the future should remain varied –Demand for ecological safety –Minimise risk of unwanted environmental surprises

13. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Protection related to planning Continuous change of circumstances –state should remain in a situation of changing context

14. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Planning –Any activity directed toward the future –Nature Planning includes: Landscape Planning Regional Planning Urban Planning Comprehensive Planning Rural Planning Land Use Planning

15. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Different Kinds of Planning (1) Co-ordination Planning –Mainly done by administrators Municipal, regional or national administration –Balance of intrests in focus

16. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Different Kinds of Planning (2) Project Planning –One particular project promoted Construction of highway, Shinkansen railway, an industry or the establishment of a nature conservation area –Main interest is stronger than others

17. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Different Kinds of Planning (3) Process Planning –Related to existing (Infra-) Structure or System –Making existing function „better“ From much pollution to little pollution Producing more wanted output with less resources and less waste Nature Protection –Can belong to all three mentioned kinds of planning –Requires interests and actors

18. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 PART II Circumstances for Nature Protection in Austria Austria –84,000 km² –8.2 million (est. 2003) –27,000 € per caput income –2% of GDP agriculture –4% of GDP summertourism –4% of GDP wintertourism –9 federal provinces –99 districts (Bezirke) –2,355 communities Belongs to EU –15 countries –24 countries from May 2005

19. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Distribution of population according Altitude Living cirumstances are highly diverse in Austria

20. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Nine nature protection laws in Austria Provincial Government –Cares for Nature Protection –9 different laws Obligation to obtain permission for projects Conservation of habitats Designing areas protected under nature conservation law –Follows International Agreements and Directives of EU Alpine Convention Convention Biological Diversity World Heritage Convention European Wildlife, Natural Habitats (Bern) convention Wetlands Convention (Ramsar) Whaling Convention

21. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Regions for Nature Protection in Austria

22. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Biological Variety as an Aspect of Nature Protection Vertebrate species (source UBA, Tiefenbach et al. 1998)

23. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Protection of Habitats Rapid increase in devoted areas since 1980s –Almost a quarter of the country devoted under 5 categories –Primarilly for public awareness and tourism

24. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Case 1: Nationalparks in Austria –I present my first „case“, pictures from National Park „Donauauen“

25. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Case 2: Flooding in 2002 In 2002 large areas of Europe were flooded –In case of Vienna, the flooding was minor –Retention areas Artificial: Danube Island Natural: in Nationalpark –However in other areas, the damming caused large damage. Reservoirs should be released

26. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Case 3: Winter Tourism and Global Warming 4% of GDP, very high share of winter tourism in Austrian economy –Warming is likely to go on as global problem Mitigation is only possible from global point of view –Adaptation required locally Water for artificial snow making, energy demand, etc. Season is shrinking, income is decreasing, cost is increasing

27. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Different Spatial Extensions

28. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Different Time Extensions

29. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Sustainability and Nature Protection At definition I of Nature –There is sustainability Nature will persist Perhaps not human beings At definition II of Nature –Sustainability is related to culture On the perception of people There is certain scale time to sustainability –Planners have to make people aware of this In planning we have to –widen the scope of sustainabiliy –fill gaps in connecting spatial and time scales

30. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Space Time Diagram Nature Protection Tasks 100 years flooding Global warming Reconnecting side arm Guided tour Sustainability Egg

31. Presentation at Lab. Landscape Planning Awaji Landscape Planning and Horticulture Academy Himeji Institute of Technology Nature Protection in Austria Meinhard Breiling Jan. 19th, 2004 Nature Protection Is not objective but subjective Is part of Culture and not part of Nature Depends on –The perception of people according to culture and preferences –Social circumstances in country –Interests of people Works for the future of mankind –And not for nature itself –In space time understanding of current policy