4. “Two… men are said to have travelled to Pakistan where they received terrorist training and made suicide videos before returning [to the UK] to build a bomb.” Daily Telegraph, 26 September 2011 Used money collected for charities Tried to recruit others on their return Purchased components and precursor chemicals in UK

7. “People need to be able to raise tough questions and present their cases when they feel their vital interests are threatened. A civil society cannot avoid tough but important issues, simply because they are unpleasant to address.” The Meaning of Civility, Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess, University of Colorado, 1997

8. 1. Overview of Muslim population in the UK 2. The response to terrorism 3. The power of social media 4. The legal aspect 5. Surveillance 6. Electronic communications 7. The human factor 8. Moral authority 9. Impact on society

10. Some of the Muslim community do regard themselves as fully part of British life and accept British cultural values. - Particularly those who have adapted ideologically and culturally Some Muslims completely reject British society and culture. However, many Muslims have a contradictory attitude towards Western society. Acceptance Rejection

11. According to 2009 Gallup poll, only 10% of British Muslims feel completely integrated. Barriers to integration: – Reaction against modernity – Alienation and identity crisis – Allegiance to global umma above their nation – Difficulty in adapting to minority status – Multiculturalism, which encouraged emphasis upon religious differences – Lack of fluency in English (especially amongst some women) – Muslim-majority schools or Islamic faith schools (about 100 in the UK) – Foreign-trained imams – Influence of Muslim states – Influence of traditionalist forms of Islam, which try to protect Islam from Western influence – Influence of Islamism

12. Muslims have begun to achieve significant economic and social success in Britain. – 10,000 Muslim millionaires live in the UK – Growing number of Muslims in high level employment This is contrasted with huge social and economic deprivation. – In 2007 only 20% of Bangladeshis and 30% of Pakistanis of working age were in full time work (compared with a national average of 50%). – 65% of Bangladeshis and 55% of Pakistanis were recorded as living in poverty. Muslims make up about 12% (about 11,500 people) of the British prison population but only about 5-8% of the general population.

13. Background: many are traditional families from rural backgrounds who often tried to prevent their children from integrating into Western societies. – As many as 70% of Britain’s Pakistani community originate from the impoverished Mirpur region of Pakistani Kashmir. Anti-colonial movements left a legacy of anti- Western attitudes.

14. Islamist radicalism is especially attractive to young 2 nd and 3 rd generation Muslims who are searching for an identity and rediscovering their faith. Britain is one of the main source of jihadis in Europe.

15. Analysis of six of the major terrorist operations in the UK between 2003 and 2007 showed that 71% of those taking part were linked to UK by citizenship or residency. Operation CREVICE30 March 2004 Operation RHYME3 August 2004 7/77 July 2005 21/721 July 2005 Operation OVERT10 August 2006 Operation SEAGRAM30 June 2007 Source: Mass Casualty Attacks, Attempts and Conspiracies in the UK: An analysis of six groups, RAND Europe, 18 October 2011

16. Jihadis, Takfiris, Salafi-Jihadis Al-Qaeda Hizb ut-Tahrir, Islamist liberation movements: Hizbullah, Hamas Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-i-Islami Deobandis, Ahl-i-Hadith, Wahhabis, Salafis, Tabligh-Jamat Renewed interest in religion: Knowledge of Qu’an, Hadith and Islamic history Devotional, Barelwis, Sufis Nominal Liberals, Progressives Secularists, Agnostics, Atheists Political wing Military wing Resentment

17. Decades of terrorist threat have been the main driver of policy changes in the UK. 1996 London Docklands bombing carried out by IRA

18. Glasgow Airport attack, 2007 7/7 attack London, 2005

19. Who is responding? – The government -Enact laws, need to show they are active and in control. - Create strategies e.g. CONTEST. -New national security strategies have been introduced in 2008, 2009 and 2010.

20. CONTEST FRAMEWORK PREVENT PURSUE KNOWLEDGE UNDERSTANDING STRATEGY POLICY PREPARE PROTECT Stopping terrorist attacks Strengthening protection against terrorist attack Reducing the impact of attacks Discouraging people from becoming terrorists or supporting violent extremism

21. CONTEST FRAMEWORK PREVENT PURSUE KNOWLEDGE UNDERSTANDING STRATEGY POLICY PREPARE PROTECT Stopping terrorist attacks Strengthening protection against terrorist attack Reducing the impact of attacks Discouraging people from becoming terrorists or supporting violent extremism

22. Who is responding? - The security services - Held accountable for preventing terrorism -Need information – intelligence, internal and external - Need effective strategies

23. Security services try to target all aspects of terrorists’ activities: 1.Recruitment and Education Identify/address factors causing individuals to be susceptible to recruitment, especially in prisons. 2. Safe Haven Assist foreign partners with establishing good governance/security/stability in targeted ungoverned territories. 3. Financier, Facilitator, Smuggler Financing – safeguard/regulate formal/informal financial channels to deny terrorists the means to move money.

24. 4. Terrorist Mobility Standardise policies domestically/globally to collect/share/retain biometrics data to identify/interdict potential terrorists. 5. Training Camp, Financier, Technical Expertise, Weapons Suppliers Technical Expertise Weapons Suppliers - recruit assets in government/private WMD facilities where terrorists are suspected of having connections.

25. 6.Attack Counter Options Planning – provides policy orders and contingency plans for responding rapidly/decisively in the event of an attack. 7.Madrassas and Mosques, Media and Propaganda, Internet and Proselytizing Media and Propaganda – encourage Islamic advocates of non-violence to engage student groups on immorality of violent extremism.

26. Who is responding? – The media Some elements seek to be balanced, some are sensationalist, and others push distinct agendas and try to shape the reaction to events. – BBC and Western news channels – Arab and Middle Eastern News agencies Al Jazeera (Qatar), Al Arabiya (Saudi Arabia), Press TV (Iran) – New media and blogs

27. “One Egyptian says ‘FaceBook used to set the date, twitter used to share logistics, YouTube to show the world, all to connect people.’” Quote from Twitter

28. Social networks Riots in Hackney, London, 8 August 2011 In response to the 2011 riots across the UK, Prime Minister David Cameron proposed banning people from major social networks if suspected of inciting violence online. This suggestion was supported by the Labour opposition.

29. Social media have played a very important role in the Arab Spring and other protests in 2011. “New communication tools shake things up because it’s hard for a threatened regime to control them. With a variety of circumvention tools, the internet is even more difficult to control. Why else did the Egyptian government shut down the internet as the revolution unfolded?” Victoria Nash, Oxford Internet Institute (Oxford Today, Trinity Term 2011)

30. The West has promoted and to some extent helped to train the users of social networks as a way of supporting revolutions in the Middle East during the Arab Spring. The Facebook logo is on a mural honoring the overthrow of Mubarak

31. During the Egyptian revolution, Google launched a service to help Egyptians use Twitter despite international restrictions by dialling a telephone number and leaving a voice mail that would then be sent to the online service. “Protestors should... make their own media, rather than relying on mainstream outlets to cover them. They should blog, tweet, write editorials and press releases.” Naomi Wolf, 3 November 2011 -n

32. The US Department of State under Secretary of State Hillary Clinton: created the Internet Freedom Initiative in January 2010. established a new policy of “21 st Century Statecraft” including the premise that the freedom to connect is similar to the freedom of assembly in cyberspace. runs “tech camps” in various countries to train activists.

33. Occupy Oakland, California, Oct-Nov 2011 Police used rubber bullets, flash grenades and tear-gas against demonstrators. -n Egyptian pro-democracy protestors marched from Tahrir Square to the US Embassy in support of Occupy Oakland and against police brutality, 28 October 2011.

34. The Prevention of Violence Act 1939 (Temporary Provisions) was a response to IRA violence. It remained in force until 1953 and was repealed in 1973. It was replaced by a series of Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Acts (1974, 1976, 1984, 1989). – These emergency temporary powers had to be renewed annually to ensure that the restrictions on civil liberties were only in place for a minimum time.

35. Since 2000 there has been an increase in the pace with which anti-terror legislation has been introduced. The five major pieces of legislation are: – Terrorism Act, 2000 – Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act, 2001 – Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2005 – Terrorism Act, 2006 – Counter-Terrorism Act, 2008

36. These five Acts create a degree of permanence to the restrictions on liberty. Legislation hastily drafted in the wake of a terrorist atrocity can lead to well intentioned but poorly thought-out laws.

37. The Terrorism Act 2000 – Stop and search powers In January 2010 the European Court of Human Rights ruled such powers illegal and an invasion of the right to liberty and privacy. The Terrorism Act 2006 – Increased detention period from 14 to 28 days The Counter –Terrorism Act 2008 – Greater powers to take DNA and fingerprints under “control orders” – The use of intercept materials now allowed but only in certain proceedings (not terrorism cases)

38. “The UK the most surveilled country among the industrialized Western states.” Surveillance Studies Network, 2006

39. Advances in technology have enabled a revolution in what can be watched. Surveillance has been enabled by governments who embraced it and were largely indifferent to its impact upon civil liberties. Security officials claim that numerous terrorist plots have been foiled in the UK due to surveillance.

40. What is being looked for: Terrorist reconnaissance – spotting people taking photos of unusual buildings, behaving suspiciously A mass of visual evidence – vital in the aftermath of attacks

41. 1969: Metropolitan Police install permanent cameras in Grosvenor Square, Whitehall and Parliament Square. – Total number of cameras nationally: 67 July 1997: London police announce installation of surveillance camera system that automatically reads, recognizes and tracks vehicles by their licence plates.

42. Today: The exact number of CCTV cameras in the UK is not known for certain because there is no requirement to register CCTV cameras. – However, research published in CCTV Image magazine estimates that the number of cameras in the UK is 1.85 million.

43. Cameras are becoming more portable, quicker to set up and more discreet. The increasing use of cameras in the UK is likely to continue unless there is a concerted campaign to place limits upon their use.

44. Blanket coverage produces a massive amount of data to be monitored and searched through. – Danger of information overload How much should profiling be used to target surveillance?

45. In 2002 the UK government extended the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) 2000, so that many more government departments would be given powers to browse citizens' web, email, telephone and fax records, without a warrant and without a subject's knowledge. Further additions to the list of bodies allowed to conduct covert surveillance were made in December 2003, April 2005, July 2006 and February 2010. (A “snooper’s charter”) – Public and security authorities made a total of 440,000 requests to monitor people's phone and internet use in 2005-2006. – In the period 11 April to 31 December 2006 the UK government issued 253,557 requests for communication data.

46. What is being looked for – Terrorist “chatter” – discussing the possibility of attacks – Linkages between individuals believed to be involved in terrorism and other potential terrorists

47. Terrorists have sought to stay a step ahead of those trying to monitor them. – Anonymous internet forums and email accounts – Disposable mobile phones – Face to face contacts

48. As communications become more closely monitored, terrorists are seeking to create the illusion of “leaderless” structures. The aim of terrorist leaders is to inspire autonomous actions by others. – Using the internet, terrorists can self-radicalise and self-train. Then they self-deploy as small groups or individuals. – Autonomous actions by small groups or individuals are harder to spot because there are no communications which can be traced.

49. There are around 4,500 websites accessible in the UK that are linked to Islamist terrorism. Source: Marianne Wade, A War on Terror?: The European Stance on a New Threat, Changing Laws and Human Rights Implications, 2009, p.70 The posting of videos on YouTube or particular websites can be achieved in a very short time.

50. It has proved difficult to remove Islamist terrorist propaganda completely from the internet. Groups which have explicitly called for terrorist acts in the UK have been banned: – Al-Muhajiroun – Saved Sect The government has considered banning other groups such as Hizb ut-Tahrir, but did not do so, due to lack of legal grounds.

51. Most financial transactions are electronic. Funding is one of the most important requirements for terrorists to achieve their ideological goals. – While people are always the most important resource for terrorists, without access to funds they can only make limited impact. Funding is also important in what it can show: – Money transfers can be the prelude to attacks. – Previously unknown parts of networks become visible if the trail of funds is followed. Cutting off funds is sometimes seen as an effective way of preventing, or at least disrupting, terrorist activities.

52. Checks on money transfers and procedures to spot risky transfers Monitoring usage of mobile phones via bills Databases of suspicious individuals and organisations – Enabling measures to try to prevent terrorist funding: Freezes on bank accounts Blocks on funds sent from countries such as Iran

53. Dangers of over-reliance on electronic surveillance – Terrorists have tried to bypass electronic means of transferring funds and information to make it harder for them to detected. – Use of hawala money transfer systems. – Regulation of the financial system has led to terrorists becoming small self-funded cells; this may make them more dangerous. – It is legally very difficult to prevent the funding of Islamist propaganda, especially if it does not call directly for terrorist acts.

54. Autonomous terrorist cells The effect of financial regulations has been to leave the massive funding for the Islamist ideological network in place, while targeting the terrorist networks, resulting in their break-up into autonomous, self-funding cells.

55. The more we rely on electronic surveillance, the more we tend to forget the human factor. – The best evidence comes from “insiders” - human intelligence – Relying on electronic surveillance too much may lead agencies to place less emphasis on cultivating partners in vulnerable communities. – The missing dimension: emotional intelligence – grievances – ideology

56. Social, economic and political grievances felt by Muslim communities need to be taken seriously and tackled proactively. – Racism and anti-Muslim attitudes and actions – Aggressive surveillance has in some cases alienated those who may have been allies. Surveillance strategies need to be as discreet as possible. Surveillance should be combined with attempts to build good relations with communities who are being monitored.

57. Foreign policy decisions and wars in Muslim countries are a strong motivation for terrorism. “Whatever the merits of putting an end to Saddam Hussein, the war was also a distraction from the pursuit of al-Qaeda. It increased the terrorist threat by convincing more people that Osama Bin Laden’s claim that Islam was under attack was correct. It provided an arena for the jihad for which he had called, so that many of his supporters, including British citizens, travelled to Iraq to attack western forces. It also showed very clearly that foreign and domestic policy are intertwined – actions overseas have an impact at home. And our involvement in Iraq spurred some young British Muslims to turn to terror.” Eliza Manningham-Buller, BBC Reith Lectures, 6 September 2011

58. Underestimation of the ideological factor as the main driver for radicalising amongst Muslim communities. – While relying on technology can be seductive as a “quick fix”, the reality is that modern terrorism is caused by ideology and therefore needs an ideological solution. – A much more complex battle will need to be fought over decades.

60. There are some signs that governments and security services have begun to take the ideological battle seriously. – Theresa May outlined the UK government’s new approach in a recent speech, which she says includes: “...a greater effort to tackle extremist ideologies, including working with mainstream individuals to make sure moderate voices are heard”. – The UK government has said it will not fund Islamists as part of its strategy of countering Islamist terrorist ideology. Will withdraw funding from up to 20 organisations

61. However, the Obama administration recently pulled back all training materials used for law enforcement and national security communities, in order to remove all references to Islam. This move came in response to complaints by several Muslim organisations in the USA. Is President Obama evading the tough questions?

62. The West needs to have the moral high ground when it confronts terrorism. In some cases the response to terrorism has undermined moral authority. – Human rights are not being enforced in their entirety even as the government calls for them to be enforced overseas. – Illegal wars

63. Torture, Guantanamo Bay, Abu Ghraib and “extraordinary rendition” – “I believe that the acquisition of short-term gain through water-boarding and other forms of mistreatment was a profound mistake and lost the United States moral authority and some of the widespread sympathy it had enjoyed as a result of 9/11.” Eliza Manningham-Buller BBC Reith Lectures, 13 September 2011

64. “I am proud my Service refused to turn to the torture of high-level German prisoners in the Second World War, when, in the early years, we stood alone and there was a high risk of our being invaded and becoming a Nazi province. So if not then, why should it be justified now?” Eliza Manningham-Buller BBC Reith Lectures, 13 September 2011

65. “Public policy disputes involve issues which people feel very strongly about. Given this, disputing parties can be expected to use all of the powers available to them in an attempt to prevail. In our political system, this means that people are entitled to use the legal and political system to advance their interests.” The Meaning of Civility, Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess, University of Colorado, 1997

66. Governments need to be careful about the damage that counter-terrorism policies are doing to the very societies they are meant to protect.

67. Climate of fear and paranoia – The aim of terrorism is to create an impact in society far greater than that immediately caused by the terrorist act itself. Spread of cameras, constant warnings for the public to be vigilant, rise of security checks etc. – It could be argued these measures have the effect of partially achieving the terrorists’ goal of causing rising public anxiety and constant awareness of the terrorists’ cause. Al-Qaeda strategists, such as Abu-Bakr Naji, seek to exploit anxiety in the West emphasising “countless small operations" that render daily life unbearable, rather than a few spectacular attacks. – See Abu-Bakr Naji, Governance in the Wilderness (Edarat al- Wahsh), 2008

68. Loss of privacy – Most accept that privacy is vital in a functioning democracy. Freedom of thought without outside interference – However, it is difficult to define what level of privacy is necessary. Governments exploit this ambiguity.

69. What about civil liberties? – Eliza Manningham-Buller: “The Service’s remit, although not enshrined in law till late In its history when it was already 80 years old, is to protect the United Kingdom from threats including terrorism, espionage and sabotage. And to protect, explicitly, parliamentary democracy. Let me repeat - to protect parliamentary democracy. Security shouldn’t damage our most important civil liberties.” BBC Reith Lectures, 13 September 2011

70. Danger of anti-terror legislation being used against normal citizens, not just those who are suspected terrorists. – Local councils started to use powers granted by anti-terrorism legislation to monitor whether people are following recycling rules and living in school catchment areas.

71. There needs to be a balance: A solution is needed that proactively safeguards both security and civil liberties.

72. An intractable dilemma? Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness vs. Life, liberty and submission to the divine will Can both co-exist in a single society?

73. World view of Islamic reformist visionary SUBMISSION MUSLIM PROPHETS ALLAH LIBERTY SOCIETY INDIVIDUALS World view of Western secular humanist MAN EXTERNAL CONFLICT: ISLAMISM vs THE WEST

74. “The safety of citizens is the first law.” Cicero (106-43 BC) ?