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Slides prepared by Cyndi Chie and Sarah Frye A Gift of Fire Third edition Sara Baase Chapter 3: Freedom of Speech.

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Presentation on theme: "Slides prepared by Cyndi Chie and Sarah Frye A Gift of Fire Third edition Sara Baase Chapter 3: Freedom of Speech."— Presentation transcript:

1 Slides prepared by Cyndi Chie and Sarah Frye A Gift of Fire Third edition Sara Baase Chapter 3: Freedom of Speech

2 What We Will Cover Changing Communication Paradigms Controlling Offensive Speech –Pornography –Spam, etc Censorship on the Global Net Political Campaign Regulations in Cyberspace Anonymity Protecting Access and Innovation: Net Neutrality or De-regulation?

3 이 장의 초점 초기의 미디어에 적용되던 표현의 자유 (Freedom of Speech) 가 어떻게 인터넷에 적용이 되고 또 한편으로 인터넷은 표현의 자유의 원칙에 어떤 영향을 주었는가 ?

4 미국에서의 표현의 자유 미 헌법 1 차 개정 (First Amendment) 에서 규정한 표현의 자유의 보호 –The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress from making laws "respecting an establishment of religion" or that prohibit the free exercise of religion, infringe the freedom of speech, infringe the freedom of the press, limit the right to peaceably assemble, or limit the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances. –Opposition to the ratification of the Constitution was, in part, based on the Constitution's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties. In order to provide such guarantees, the First Amendment, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights, was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789 and adopted on December 15, 1791.

5 전통적인 Communication Paradigms 1 차 개정에서의 보호와 통신 미디어에 대한 정부의 규정은 다음의 전통적인 다음의 세가지 종류의 미디어로 구분하여 적용하고 있다. –Print media (newspapers, magazines, books) –Broadcast (television, radio) –Common carriers (telephones, postal system)

6 Printed Media 1 차 개정의 가장 강력한 보호를 받고 있다. 가장 약한 정부의 통제를 받는다.

7 Broadcast Media 정부는 방송 산업의 구조와 프로그램 내용 (content) 을 통제한다. – 왜 ?

8 Common Carriers 통신 채널 ( 내용이 아니라 ) 을 제공한다. 정부는 “universal access” 를 제공할 것을 요구한다. 통신 사업자는 채널을 독점하고 있다는 논리로 그들은 자신들의 채널을 통하여 전달하는 내용을 제어하는 것을 금지하였다. – 예, 전화망 사업자

9 Changing Communication Paradigms 1980 년대를 시작으로 컴퓨터 Bulletin board system(BBS) 이 등장하였고, 1990 년대 Web 의 등장하여 뉴스, 정보, 의견을 제공하는 수단이 되었다. 그러면 이전의 BBS 와 Web 은 전통적인 세 개의 유형에 어디에 속하는가 ? 비슷한 혼돈은 cable 사업자에게는 TV 와 라디오의 방송 사업자 보다 더 많은 표현의 자유가 보장되었다.

10 Changing Communication Paradigms (cont.) 1996 년의 통신법 (Telecommunication Act): Changed regulatory structure and removed artificial legal divisions of service areas and restrictions on services that telephone companies can provide No provider or user of interactive computer service shall be treated as a publisher of any information provided by another information- content provider

11 Changing Communication Paradigms (cont.) 표현의 자유의 원칙 (Free-speech Principles): Written for offensive and/or controversial speech and ideas Restriction on the power of government, not individuals or private businesses

12 Changing Communication Paradigms (cont.) Free-speech Principles (cont.): Supreme Court principles and guidelines –Advocating illegal acts is legal –Does not protect libel and direct, specific threats –Inciting violence is illegal –Allows some restrictions on advertising –Protect anonymous speech

13 Controlling Offensive Speech What is it? What is illegal? Answer depends on who you are Many efforts to censor the Internet with a focus on child pornography or sexually explicit material

14 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) What was already illegal? Obscenity –Depicts a sexual act against state law –Depicts these acts in a patently offensive manner that appeals to prurient interest as judged by a reasonable person using community standards –Lacks literary, artistic, social, political or scientific value

15 1996 년 의회는 Child Pornography Prevention Act 를 통과시켰다. 하지만 2002 년 대법원은 이 법이 1 차 수정 헌법을 위반한다고 판결 –“proscribes the visual depiction of an idea- that of teenagers engaging in sexual activity-that is a fact of modern society and has been a theme in art and literature throughout the ages.”

16 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) Internet Censorship Laws & Alternatives: 1996 년 Communication Decency Act (CDA) –Federal judge stated that the Internet is the most participatory form of mass communication –Attempted to avoid conflict with first amendment by focusing on children 18 세 미만의 사람에게 외설적인 통신이 가능하도록 하는 사람은 100,000 불의 벌금과 2 년 징역에 처한다.

17 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) Internet Censorship Laws & Alternatives (cont.): 1997 년 대법원은 Communication Decency Act (CDA) 는 1 차 개정 헌법에 위반된다고 판결 –The worst material threatening children was already illegal –It was too vague and broad –It did not use the least restrictive means of accomplishing the goal of protecting children

18 표현의 자유 가이드라인 Distinguish speech from action. Advocating illegal acts is (usually) legal. Laws must not chill expression of legal speech. Do not reduce adults to reading only what is fit for children. Solve speech problems by least restrictive means.

19 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) Internet Censorship Laws & Alternatives (cont.): 의회는 1998 년 Child Online Protection Act (COPA) 을 다시 제정 : –Federal crime for commercial web sites to make available to minors harmful material by FCC standards –Found to be unconstitutional: Government did not show that COPA was necessary to protect children Child Online Protection Commission concluded that less restrictive means, filtering, was superior to COPA

20 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) Internet Censorship Laws & Alternatives (cont.): Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA): –Requires schools and libraries that participate in certain federal programs to install filtering software –Upheld in court: Does not violate First Amendment since it does not require the use of filters, impose jail or fines It sets a condition for receipt of certain federal funds

21 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) 인터넷 검열 (Censorship) 에 대한 대안 : Filters –Blocks sites with specific words, phrases or images –Parental control for sex and violence –Updated frequently but may still screen out too much or too little –Not possible to eliminate all errors –What should be blocked?

22 도서관에서의 문제 – 도서관에서 터미널에서 포르노를 보는 것을 처리하기 위해 여러 방법을 강구 – 필터링을 하지않은 도서관은 부모로부터 고소당하기도 함 – 버지니아 주는 모든 도서관에 필터링을 하도록 함 반발, 자신들을 어린이로 취급한다. 헌법에 위반하는 것으로 판결 – 미네아폴리스와 시카고에서는 사서들이 자신들이 포르노를 봐야하는 작업 환경에 놓여있다고 연방 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC) 에 고소 성적 학대와 표현의 자유 사이의 마찰 – 주 마다 결정이 다름 미시간에서는 도서관에 필터를 설치하는 것에 반대 유타에서는 만장일치로 모든 도서관에 필터를 설치하도록 함

23 2000 년 의회는 CIPA 를 통과시킴 –CDA 와 COPA 의 문제점을 피해감 – 연방 프로그램에 참여하는 도서관을 필터를 설치하도록 함 –Civil Liberty Organization 과 도서관 연합회는 CIPA 가 위헌이라고 고소 –2003 년 대법원은 CIPA 가 위헌이 아니라고 판결 CIPA 는 어떠한 금지도 하지않고 위반했다고 벌금이나 징역을 선고하지 않는다.

24 검열에 대한 대안 – 필터링 – 자체적은 회원 조사 추방

25 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) Spam: What’s the problem? –Loosely described as unsolicited bulk email –Mostly commercial advertisement –Angers people because content and the way it’s sent Free speech issues –Spam imposes a cost on others not protected by free speech –Spam filters do not violate free speech (free speech does not require anyone to listen)

26 Controlling Offensive Speech (cont.) Spam (cont.): Anti-spam Laws –Controlling the Assault of Non- Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM Act) –Targets commercial spam –Criticized for not banning all spam, legitimized commercial spam

27 Controlling Offensive Speech Discussion Questions Why is ‘least restrictive means’ important? Do you consider the Internet an appropriate tool for young children? Why or why not?


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