1. The Unbefriended Patient: Moral Dilemmas Facing Physicians Gina Jervey Mohr, MD Director, Palliative Care Loma Linda University Health

2. Decision Making If patient lacks capacity: Advance Directives POLST forms Appointed agent Default surrogates (family/friends)

3. If none of those exist… “unbefriended” “unrepresented” Lack the “voice of the patient”

4. Scope of problem 3-4% of 1.3 million living in nursing homes 5% of the 500,000 who die each year in ICU’s Elderly, mentally disabled, homeless, socially isolated

5. Legal Option Court-appointed guardian Limitations: Judicial process slow & cumbersome Expensive Guardians lack time Guardians are unavailable Don’t do “DNAR”

6. HSC 1418.8 Where a resident of a skilled nursing facility or intermediate care facility has been prescribed a medical intervention by a physician and surgeon that requires informed consent and the physician has determined that the resident lacks capacity to make health care decisions and there is no person with legal authority to make those decisions on behalf of the resident, the facility shall, except as provided in subdivision (h), conduct an interdisciplinary team review of the prescribed medical intervention prior to the administration of the medical intervention. The interdisciplinary team shall oversee the care of the resident utilizing a team approach to assessment and care planning, and shall include the resident’s attending physician, a registered professional nurse with responsibility for the resident, other appropriate staff in disciplines as determined by the resident’s needs, and, where practicable, a patient representative, in accordance with applicable federal and state requirements. The review shall include all of the following:

7. HSC 1418.8 (1) A review of the physician’s assessment of the resident’s condition. (2) The reason for the proposed use of the medical intervention. (3) A discussion of the desires of the patient, where known. (4) The type of medical intervention to be used in the resident’s care, including its probable frequency and duration. (5) The probable impact on the resident’s condition, with and without the use of the medical intervention. (6) Reasonable alternative medical interventions considered or utilized and reasons for their discontinuance or inappropriateness.

8. Acute Care Hospitals Who decides? Physicians? Overtreatment Undertreatment

9. Steven 19 y/o African American male MRCP due to perinatal hypoxia Severe development delay Seizure disorder Neuromuscular scoliosis G-tube dependence IT baclofen pump

10. Steven Resident of group home Admitted for respiratory failure On HD #5 to MICU for sepsis Found acute abdomen Ex lap found strangulated ileum s/p resection Develops lower GI bleeding Unable to find source of bleed

11. Steven Non-verbal Non-ambulatory No family contact for years Followed by Inland Regional Center

12. Steven Team asks for Ethics Consult Made DNAR based on medical condition – ongoing bleeding with no source Pt “stabilizes” Team asks “What now?”