1. A Decade of Frontier Oceanography Achievements during WAIS

2. Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University New York, U.S.A. David HollandAdrian Jenkins British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge, U.K.

3. Supported by

4. Notable Ice Shelves of West Antarctica PIG FRIS RIS

5. Main Seas Bordering West Antarctica WEDDELL BELLINGS- HAUSEN AMUNDSEN ROSS

6. Observational Advances O.1 Ice-Shelf-Front Hydrography O.2 Hot-Water Drilling O.3 Radio-Echo Sounding O.4 Phase-Sensitive Radar O.5 Topographic Soundings O.6 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Numerical Modeling M.1 Z-level M.2 Terrain-Following M.3 Isopycnic-Coordinate M.4 ISOMIP Outline

7. Ice-Front Cruises Ice-Front Moorings Autonomous vehicles Observational Techniques Radio Echo Sounding via airplane Phase- Sensitive Radar Hot-Water Drilling Topographic Soundings

8. O.1Ice-Shelf-Front Hydrography

9. Foldvik et al., Antarct. Res. Ser., 1985

10. O.1Ice-Shelf-Front Hydrography

11. Sea Ice Pine Island Glacier Polynya Temperature Section Jacobs et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 1996 Jenkins et al., J. Glaciol., 1997 Hellmer et al., Antarct. Res. Ser., 1998

12. Melting 12 tonnes of snow Heaters and pumps O.2Hot-Water Drilling Drill Stand Courtesy of Keith Nicholls, B.A.S.

13. CM = current meter T = thermistor CT = conductivity+temperature O.2Hot-Water Drilling Courtesy of Keith Nicholls, B.A.S. Ocean Glacier Bedrock

14. O.1Hot-Water Drilling

15. O.2Hot-Water Drilling Courtesy of Keith Nicholls, B.A.S.

16. O.3Radio-Echo Sounding

17. Thyssen et al., Polarforschung, 1993 Flight Tracks

18. O.3Radio-Echo Sounding Marine- Only Ice Thickness Marine-Ice Thickness: … 300 m (> 50 % of total thickness) Thyssen et al., Polarforschung, 1993

19. O.4Phase-Sensitive Radar Courtesy of Craig Stewart, B.A.S.

20. O.4Phase-Sensitive Radar

22. Jenkins et al., FRISP Report 14, 2003

23. BEDMAP Bedrock Depth Bedmap Web Pages, 2001 O.5Topographic Soundings

24. BEDMAP Ice Thickness Bedmap Web Pages, 2001 O.5Topographic Soundings

25. O.6Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Courtesy of Nick Millard, S.O.C.

26. M.1Z-Level

27. Grosfeld et al., 2001

28. M.2Terrain-Following Hellmer, GRL, 2004

29. M.3Isopycnic-Coordinate

31. Flow Schema

32. M.3Isopycnic-Coordinate

33. 2-Year Simulation:MICOM M.3Isopycnic-Coordinates

34. Website Send email holland@cims.nyu.edu for info holland@cims.nyu.edu M.4ISOMIP

35. Standard Experiment - Protocol M.4ISOMIP

36. Participating Models M.4ISOMIP

37. Sub-ice-shelf cavities are probably the least accessible regions of the world ocean. Conclusions They influence both the ice sheets and the deep ocean. Models provide much insight, but there is some disagreement between them. New observations and model intercomparison provide real hope of resolving these problems.