1. Asian Americans
Chapter 12: Growth and Diversity By Wolran Kim

2. CONTENTS Who are they Model-Minority Racial Inequality
Pan-Asian Identity
Groups by nationality (6)
2 U-Tube videos
Conclusion

3. Who are They? Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are a diverse
One of the fastest-growing segments
Viewed as a model or ideal minority
Inaccurate image
Immigration is the primary source of growth
Hawaii  all Asian groups coexist
47 countries
Their population has doubled every 10 years. This enormous growth is largely because of immigration from Taiwan, China, Korea, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia. (Okazaki, 1998)
40.9% of foreign-born arrived between and 2000, 36.5% between 1980 and (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001)
3. Because their general image is, they achieve, they succeed, no protests, no demands. They just do it.
They are averagy high in assimilation and low in ethnic identity. The individuals feel more American than ethnic. But small % of Asian have low ethnic identity and low assimilation. Most of new immigrants have high ethnic identity and low assimilation.

4. Asian Pacific Islanders,2008
47 countries
Interesting point is that : According to 2010 Census data – Utah is the second most state in US for Tongans.
Utah is 10th state for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders, and the West Valley City is the second place after Honolulu.

5. Where do they live ?
California—5.5 mil, New York—1.5mil, Texas—1.1 mil.
Wyoming, Florida, Illinois, New Jersey, Hwaii—500,000~1 million population.

6. Understanding Racial Inequality
Robert Blauner (1972): work suggests a sharp distinction should be drawn between groups who came here voluntarily and those who came here by force.
Native Americans: military conquest
African Americans: slave trade
Puerto Rico: colonized as a result of war
Mexicans: conquest of Southwest
Asian Americans: Free immigration
Because these historical reasons influence differently to each minority groups to how to adapt or assimilate to the mainstream society.
Asian Americans immigrated to labor or seek to better lives without force.

7. The Image of Model-Minority
Overcome prejudice
Past discrimination
Succeeds: Economically
Socially
Educationally
No resorting to political
No violent confrontations
They constitute a Model or Ideal minority because, although they have experienced prejudice and discrimination, they seem to have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontations with Whites.
Some observers point to the existence of a model minority as a reaffirmation that anyone can get ahead in the United States.
And this model-minority view declare that they have ceased to be subordinate and are no longer disadvantaged.

8. Median Household Income ($)
As a group, Asian American work in the same occupations as Whites, which suggests that they have been successful, and many have been. They, like other minorities and immigrants before them, are working in the low-paying service occupations. And also they are concentrated at the top in professional and managerial positions.
They hit the glass ceiling or try to climb a broken ladder before they reach management.  In 2002, only 2% of 11,500 people who serve on the boards of the nation’s 1,000 largest corporations were Asian Americans.

9. Median Income by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
The absence of Asian Americans as top executives also indicates that their success s not complete. They usually have profit from small business or working the long hours. Such as Chinese restaurants and Korean American’s cleaning businesses, fruit and vegetable stores, motels, gasoline stations.
The interesting results are by gender  Asian American women is higher that White women.

10. Percentage Completing College (%)
Asian Americans have impressive school enrollment rates in comparison to the total population.
In 2004, 48.2% of 25 years old or older held bachelor’s degrees, compared with 29.7% of the White population. Though their rates vary among Asian American groups.
Asian Indians, Filipino, Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Americans have higher levels of educational achievement than others.
Other groups such as Vietnamese, Pacific Islanders, including Native Hawaiians, fare much worse that White Americans.
Even the positive stereotype of Asian American students as “academic stars” or “whiz kids” can be burdensome to the people so labeled, because they may face criticism from their parents or teachers for their failure to this image.

11. Degree of Prejudice Directed Toward one’s Racial or Ethnic Group
Source: Bruce E. Cain and D. Roderick Kiewiet, Minorities in California (1986), p. lll-115
Race or Ethnicity of Respondent
Degree of Prejudice Toward Respondent’s Group
Black
Hispanic
Asian
Most people are prejudiced 17 10 5
Some people are prejudiced 63 54 52
Most people are not prejudiced 21 36 42
Despite the widespread belief that they constitute a model minority, Asian Americans are victims of both prejudice and violence.
According to the reports by the National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium in 2002, have chronicled incidents of suspected and proven anti-Asian American incidents.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, anti-Asian violence increased dramatically for several months in the U.S.
This anti-Asian American feeling is built on a long cultural tradition, such as Yellow peril (A term denoting a generalized prejudice toward Asian people and their customs), Inappropriate use of cliches, Mistaken identity, Overgeneralization, Ethnic slurs, Inflammatory reporting, Asian bashing, Media invisibility, and Model minority (because this positive image can also have a negative effect)
For young Asian Americans, life in the U.S. often is a struggle for identity when their heritage is so devalued by those in positions of influence and racial profiling.

12. Political Activity and Pan-Asian Identity
Seeking to recognize themselves
Have own organizations
Still developing: many still are not citizens
New concept to newly arrived Asians
Weak of Panethnicity
Need to unify their diverse subgroups as pan-Asian
Historically, Asian Americans have followed the pattern of other immigrant groups: They bring organizations from the homeland and later develop groups to respond to the special needs identified in the U.S.
Rather than being docile, they are often labeled, they have organized in labor unions, played a significant role in campus protests, and been active in immigration rights issues.
At the time of the 2006 election, 33% were not citizens and were ineligible to vote, compared with 40% of Hispanics and 2% of White non-Hispanics.
With the exception of Asian Indians, the immigrants come from nations where political participation was unheard of or looked upon with skepticism and sometimes fear. As an example of the sizable Chinese American community.
Panethnicity is the development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups, as reflected in the terms Hispanic and Asian American. Extremely different Asian nationalities have been lumped together in past discrimination and current stereotypes.
They need to move toward pan-Asian identity represents a step in assimilation by downplaying cultural differences. Pan-Asian unity is a necessity and urgency for al Asian groups.

13. Chinese Americans (22%) Began to arrive in the 1840s as laborers
Predominantly men: Chinatowns
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
1965 Immigration Act gave China: 20,000/year
1970s, separate immigration quotas for China, Hong Kong, & Taiwan
1989 Tiananmen Square student protests
No returning of student leaders: imprisonment
1-2. By 1860, more than 30,000 Chinese in the U.S. most of them in California by gold and the economic boom.
3. In 1880 a new treaty was negotiated with China, giving the U.S. the right to regulate, limit, or suspend. This Act barred the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years.
Before 1978, when the U.S. established relations with Mainland China, most of these new arrivals came from Taiwan, and many were students. Most Chinese that came as families.
These quotas led to growing numbers of Chinese immigrants, many of whom were students or scholars.
In the wake of the 1989 Tiananmen Square student protests and government crackdown, the U.S. government granted permanent residency to a large number of Chinese students and visiting scholars.
Chinese student leaders who were pursing their education in the U.S. could not safely return to China without fear of imprisonment.

14. Filipino Americans (17%)
History: 300 years colonized by Spain, 50 years from Japan & America
Different Asian cultures: espouse egalitarian family and gender roles
Early 20th century: immigration by colonial relationship between the U.S.
1st generation: 1920s by employed in agricultural labor
Negative treatment: Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934
Newest immigrants: 1965 Act. Many proffessionals
40%: immigrated since 1990
Second-class status: overt & covert racism
In the early 20 century, Filipinos were prohibited from marrying Caucasians, and during the Depression, they could not own land or receive public assistance. In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act designated other Filipinos residing in the U.S. as aliens. These confusing and inconsistent policies continued a pattern of negative treatment.
8. They occupy the lower strata in society, and were exposed to democratic ideals while being subjected to colonized rule. They continue to aspire to American ideals while experiencing both overt and covert racism that relegates them to second-class status.

15. Asian Indians (18%) History: colonized by Great Britain until 1947
Immigration began in 1830 as laborers
Large-scale social movements: professionals or to seek a professional education
Religious and political divisions between Hindus, Muslims, and secular nationalists.
The colonial system led to imposition of British forms of education and government that have shaped the character of modern India.
Primarily Sikhs, began arriving on the West coast of the U.S. 30,000 by 1910.
4. After independence from Britain, the countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh split off from India, largely based on religious and political divisions. These tensions continue to plague South Asia today.

16. Southeast Asian Americans (10%+)
Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians
Ethnically and linguistically diverse
10% of the total Asian American
Refugees: gook syndrome, boat people
The current picture: permanent home, downward
social mobility (language barrier)
Encouragement children, but crime
The people of Southeast Asia were part of the former French Indochinese Union.
2-3. Ethnic Laotians constitute only half of the Laotian people, and population is 2.1 million, Vietnamese Americans are the largest group are 1.4 million.
Harvard sociologist David Riesman called the gook syndrome—Gook is derogatory term for an Asian, and the syndrome refers to the tendency to stereotype these people in the worst possible light. Riesman believed that the American news media created an unflattering image of them. The United States accepted about half of the refugees.– more than million people.
Many of them look to the United States as their permanent home but they accept jobs well below their occupational positions because of a language barrier. The available data indicate that refugees have increased their earnings rapidly, often by working long hours.
The children do very well with education encouragement which is not unlike that offered by Mexican immigrants to their children. But Crime is present in almost all ethnic groups.  Some of this crime may represent reprisals for the war, and the series of violent episodes directed at Southeast Asians by Whites and other expressing resentment over their employment or even their mere presence.

17. Korean Americans (9.7%)
The fifth-largest Asian American group: 1.3 million in 2008
Three waves of immigration
Initial wave: 7,000 immigrants to Hawaii as laborers in
2nd wave: 14,000 after the Korean War in
3rd wave: after 1965 Immigration Act, 40% arrived since 1990
Marginal position between the cultures of Korea and U.S.
Korean American women commonly participate in the labor force
Begin small service or retail business
Kye: benefit from a special form of development capital (or cash)
The friction between Korean Americans and other subordinate groups
Church: 70% affiliated with Korean ethnic churches
The population of Korean Americans, wit more than 1.3 million in 2008, is now the fifth-largest Asian American group.
Many of the most recent immigrants must at least initially settle for positions of lower responsibility than those they held in Korea and must pass through a period of economic adjustment and even disenchantment for several years. This problems documented reflect the pain of adjustment such as stress, loneliness, alcoholism, family strife, and mental disorders.
Such as cleaning, small market, gas stations, and motels.
Kye: Korean people’s traditional private economic organization as loan club.
In the early 1990s, nationwide attention was given to the friction between Korean Americans and other subordinate groups, primarily African Americans and Hispanics. In the New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, Korean American merchants confronted African Americans who were allegedly robbing them. This friction is not new– earlier generations of Jewish, Italian, and Arab merchants encountered similar hostility from what to outsiders seems an unlikely source. This situation arose because Korean Americans are the latest immigrant group prepared to cater to the needs of the inner city, which has been abandoned by those who have moved up the economic ladder.
Joke: When they gathered over 3 people, The Chinese people open Chinese Restaurant, and Korean people build a Church.
From church, they can obtain and share information about business, education, and a practical way as immigrants.

18. Hawai’i and Its People Cultural diversity (Haoles)
White 25%, Japanese 13%, Filipino 14%, Pacific Islanders 12%, Hispanic 9%
Initially populated by Polynesian people
1898, during the revolution, annexed as a territory to the U.S.
Achieved good race relations
Sovereignty movement
Hawaii is not a racial paradise, but harmony
1. The entire state of Hawai’i appears to be the complete embodiment of cultural diversity. (Haoles—the term often used to refer to Whites in Hawi’i)
3. Hawaii was initially populated by Polynesian people who had their first contact with Europeans in 1778
5. Hawaii has achieved some fame for its good race relations, and generally accepted the racial harmony.
The sovereignty movement is the effort by the indigenous people of Hawaii to secure a measure of self-government and restoration of their lands.
In 2008, a Native Hawaiian independence group seized the historic royal palace in Honolulu to protest the U.S.-backed overthrow of the Hawaiian government more than a century ago. In an absolute sense, Hawaii is not a racial paradise, because certain occupations and even social classes tend to be dominated by a single racial group. But relative to the mainland and much of the world, Hawaii’s race relations are characterized more by harmony than by discord.

19. U-tube Video
New Asian 'American Dream': Asians Surpass Hispanics in Immigration
Yellow Fever- Asian American Stereotypes
Published on Jun 19, 2012 by ABC News
2. Uploaded on Apr 27, 2011
Here are some Asian American stereotypes that we as Americans hold. Throughout this short video I hope to show you that stereotypes are views that are seen within a part of a certain culture, yet can't be held to every individual within that culture.

20. Ten Things Everyone Should Know about Race 2003 California Newsreel
1. Race is a modern idea. 2. Race has no genetic basis. 3. Human subspecies don't exist. 4. Skin color really is only skin deep. 5. Most variation is within, not between, "races.” 6. Slavery predates race. 7. Race and freedom evolved together. 8. Race justified social inequalities as natural. 9. Race isn't biological, but racism is still real. 10. Colorblindness will not end racism.

21. CONCLUSION A heterogeneous population
Given the significant proportion of Asian Americans
Helping professionals focuses on clinical issues or individual change; racism and xenophobia
Needed macro and micro level interventions.
Asian Americans are a heterogeneous population in national origin, religion, class, educational background, and generation of immigration.
2. Given the significant proportion of Asian Americans who are foreign-born, social workers must also have an understanding of how the immigration process may interact with culture issues.
3. Much of the attention that Asian Americans receive from helping professionals focuses on clinical issues or individual change, so it is important for social workers to recognize that social issues such as racism and xenophobia significantly affect the lives of many Asian Americans.
4. Macro-level as well as micro-level interventions are needed to address the root causes of many concerns of Asian American clients.