1. VECTORS

2. Pythagorean Theorem Recall that a right triangle has a 90° angle as one of its angles. The side that is opposite the 90° angle is called the hypotenuse. The theorem due to Pythagoras says that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs.c 2 = a 2 + b 2 a c b

3. Trigonometry Trigonometry is concerned with the connection between the sides and angles in any right angled triangle. Angle

4. Introduction to Trigonometry In this section we define the three basic trigonometric ratios, sine, cosine and tangent. opp is the side opposite angle A adj is the side adjacent to angle A hyp is the hypotenuse of the right triangle hyp opp adj A

5. There are three formulae involved in trigonometry: sin A= cos A= tan A = S O H C A H T O A

6. Using ratios to find angles We have just found that a scientific calculator holds the ratio information for sine (sin), cosine (cos) and tangent (tan) for all angles. It can also be used in reverse, finding an angle from a ratio. To do this we use the sin -1, cos -1 and tan -1 function keys.

7. Finding an angle from a triangle To find a missing angle from a right-angled triangle we need to know two of the sides of the triangle. We can then choose the appropriate ratio, sin, cos or tan and use the calculator to identify the angle from the decimal value of the ratio. Find angle θ a)Identify/label the names of the sides. b) Choose the ratio that contains BOTH of the letters. 14 cm 6 cm θ 1.

8. Finding a side from a triangle To find a missing side from a right-angled triangle we need to know one angle and one other side. Cos45 o = To leave x on its own we need to move the ÷ 13. It becomes a “times” when it moves. Note: If Cos45 o x 13 = x

9. Finding a side from a triangle There are occasions when the unknown letter is on the bottom of the fraction after substituting. Cos45 o = Move the u term to the other side. It becomes a “times” when it moves. Cos45 o x u = 13 To leave u on its own, move the cos 45 to other side, it becomes a divide. u =

10. Values of Trigonometric Functions for Common Angles θ0o0o 30 o 37 o 45 o 53 o 60 o 90 o sinθ00.5000.6000.7070.8000.8661.00 cosθ1.000.8660.8000.7070.6000.5000 tanθ00.5770.7501.001.331.17

11. Vector vs. Scalar Review All physical quantities encountered in this text will be either a scalar or a vector A vector quantity has both magnitude (size) and direction A scalar is completely specified by only a magnitude (size)

12. Vector Notation When handwritten, use an arrow: When printed, will be in bold print with an arrow: When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector in print, an italic letter will be used: A

13. Properties of Vectors Equality of Two Vectors Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and the same direction Movement of vectors in a diagram Any vector can be moved parallel to itself without being affected

14. More Properties of Vectors Negative Vectors Two vectors are negative if they have the same magnitude but are 180° apart (opposite directions) Resultant Vector The resultant vector is the sum of a given set of vectors

15. Adding Vectors When adding vectors, their directions must be taken into account Units must be the same Geometric Methods Use scale drawings Algebraic Methods More convenient

16. Adding Vectors Geometrically (Triangle or Polygon Method) Choose a scale Draw the first vector with the appropriate length and in the direction specified, with respect to a coordinate system Draw the next vector with the appropriate length and in the direction specified, with respect to a coordinate system whose origin is the end of vector and parallel to the coordinate system used for

17. Graphically Adding Vectors, cont. Continue drawing the vectors “tip-to-tail” The resultant is drawn from the origin of to the end of the last vector Measure the length of and its angle Use the scale factor to convert length to actual magnitude

18. Graphically Adding Vectors, cont. When you have many vectors, just keep repeating the process until all are included The resultant is still drawn from the origin of the first vector to the end of the last vector

19. Notes about Vector Addition Vectors obey the Commutative Law of Addition The order in which the vectors are added doesn’t affect the result

20. Vector Subtraction Special case of vector addition Add the negative of the subtracted vector Continue with standard vector addition procedure

21. Multiplying or Dividing a Vector by a Scalar The result of the multiplication or division is a vector The magnitude of the vector is multiplied or divided by the scalar If the scalar is positive, the direction of the result is the same as of the original vector If the scalar is negative, the direction of the result is opposite that of the original vector

22. Components of a Vector A component is a part It is useful to use rectangular components These are the projections of the vector along the x- and y-axes

23. Components of a Vector, cont. The x-component of a vector is the projection along the x- axis The y-component of a vector is the projection along the y- axis Then,

24. More About Components of a Vector The previous equations are valid only if θ is measured with respect to the x-axis The components can be positive or negative and will have the same units as the original vector

25. More About Components, cont. The components are the legs of the right triangle whose hypotenuse is May still have to find θ with respect to the positive x-axis The value will be correct only if the angle lies in the first or fourth quadrant In the second or third quadrant, add 180°

26. Adding Vectors Algebraically Choose a coordinate system and sketch the vectors Find the x- and y-components of all the vectors Add all the x-components This gives R x :

27. Adding Vectors Algebraically, cont. Add all the y-components This gives R y : Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the magnitude of the resultant: Use the inverse tangent function to find the direction of R: