1. Math Of Chemistry In the laboratory you will be dealing with masses and volumes, but in chemistry problems you will be dealing with moles, and molecules. You need a way to connect the two! This unit is about finding the “# of things” (molecules/moles) by using macroscopic means: Volume and mass! How does this relate to real life: Lets take the following example. I ask you to bake me 10 apple pies. Each apple pie requires 6 whole apples. You must get the correct amount of apples but without counting them at the supermarket!!! How do you do it??? HINT: Each apple weighs 100grams

2. We can use the same approach with elements in compounds. Since we can’t count individual elements we need to have a system that will allow us to determine how much of each element/compound we have without direct counting. We can use the concept of a MOLE!!! Just like we set 1 dozen = 12 Just like we set 16 ounces = 1 lbs Just like we set 1 year = 365 days Just like we set 1 day = 24 hours You get the point. A mole is equal to a certain quantity of something. Lets get more specific…

3. What is a mole? How does it relate the following quantities: 1.Volume of a gas 2.Molecules/atoms of a substance 3.Gram formula mass (this one is tricky, and we need to go into more detail on what GFM is!)

4. Gram formula mass In the laboratory we measure mass in grams. We are UNABLE to measure individual masses of atoms in our high school laboratory. When we measure the mass of compounds/elements we are actually measuring 10 20 to 10 23 units of these substances. There is a standard for measurement for each element: 6.02 x 10 23 units of a substance = gram formula mass 6.02 x 10 23 units of a substance = 1 mole of a substance Therefore: 1 mole of a substance = gram formula mass Definition of Gram Formula Mass: How do I find the gram formula mass of a substance (compound or element)?

5. Practice finding gram atomic masses of Different substances

6. Review So Far: Key points One set of problems you will see in this unit will ask you to find the number of moles, the volume, the mass, or the number of molecules of a substance based on a piece of information given. For example you may be asked to find the volume of 1 mole of a gas. Or the mass of 3 moles of a substance. Finally you may be asked to find the number of moles of 5 x 10 15 molecules. (These are just a few examples). There are two methods to do this. One of them is on the next page. YOU MUST MEMORIZE THIS OR THE CONCEPT BEHIND THIS CHART IN ORDER TO MASTER THE REST OF THIS UNIT!

7. Mole Conversions Grams   Moles Liters   Moles Molecules   Moles Grams   Liters Molecules   Grams

8. Mole Crutch Volume In Liters Volume In Liters Mass in grams Mass in grams molecules MOLE Central station Divide by 22.4 Liters Divide by formula mass Divide by 6.02 x 10 23 Multiply by 22.4 Liters Multiply by formula mass multiply by 6.02 x 10 23 You must always go through the mole center to get anywhere!!!!!

9. Using gram formula mass for percent composition problems Percent Composition and hydrates

10. Finding the Empirical Formula of a Substance

11. Finding the Molecular formula of a Substance

12. The mole ratio in balanced equations, never forget it!!! Moles of A Use mole Ratio in Balanced equation Moles of B

13. Using the mole ratio and the mole crutch: Putting everything together! Grams of A Use mole conversion Moles of A Use mole Ratio in Balanced equation Moles of B Use mole conversion Grams of B

14. Limiting Reagent Problems

16. Percent Yield

17. Molarity and Solution Terms

18. Solution Stoichiometry