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2.  Cause:  Land conflict between England and France  New weapons used throughout the war(Long bow, cross bow, gun)  Results:  England gave up claims to land in France  War allowed each monarch to exert more control over the people and nobles(led to the beginning of “new monarchs” in both countries.) 2

3.  Cause:  Territorial conflict between France and Austria(Primarily over control of Italy)  Francis I of Valois and Charles V of Habsburg  Details:  Ottoman Empire also fought against the Habsburgs in eastern Europe  Results:  Treaty in 1559 gave both France and Spain some holdings in Italy  Continued tension between France and Habsburgs 3

4.  Causes:  Conflict between French Calvinist(Huguenots) and French Catholics  Details:  Catholic majority greatly outnumbered the Calvinist minority  Major violence against Huguenots, massacre in 1572(St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Results:  Henry IV takes the throne of France(He was a Calvinist that converted to Catholicism)~”Paris is worth a mass”  Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots to freely worship, but acknowledged that Catholicism was the official religion 4

5.  Causes  Primary cause was religious conflict between the Catholic Habsburgs and Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire(Peace of Augsburg by Charles V(1555) had brought a temporary end to warfare between German Catholics and Lutherans  Other countries became involved, either to help the Protestants or attempt to reduce Habsburg power  Details  Fought over the course of four different phases  Edict of Restitution(1629): Prohibited Calvinist worship and restored all land to the Catholic Church and property taken by Protestant princes 5

6.  Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German states, including the Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion  France, Sweden, and Brandenburg all gained land  More than 300 states that made up Holy Roman Empire were recognized as virtually independent  Religion and the state became even more separate 6

7.  Causes  Conflict between Charles I and the Parliament  English monarchs and Parliament had been battling for power  Details  Charles I was beheaded(1649), but Oliver Cromwell seize control of the government  Results  The power of the monarch had been greatly reduced in England 7

8.  Causes  Charles II, king of Spain, left his throne to the grandson of Louis XIV  Details  A coalition of England, the United Provinces, Austria, and German states opposed Spain and France  Results  Peace of Utrecht confirmed Philip V as the king of Spain and affirmed that Spain and France would remain separate 8

9.  Causes  Peter the Great wanted to gain a warm water port for Russia  Details  War between Poland, Denmark, and Russia vs. Sweden  At the beginning Sweden held back the three powers but was eventually overpowered by Russia  Results  Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia and Sweden became a second-rate power 9

10.  Causes  Charles VI did not have a male heir, so passed the Pragmatic Sanction(which was supposed to make Austrian lands indivisible and recognize his daughter Maria Theresa as leader of Austria)  Details  Prussia and France attacked Austria and England came to the defense of Austria  Fighting spread all over the world  Results  Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned all lands to their original owners, except Silesia which Prussia refused to give back 10

11.  Causes  France, Austria, Russia vs. Prussia and England  Details  This war saw a diplomatic revolution, in that alliance times enemies and alliances changed greatly  This war saw conflict in the Americas, India, and Europe  Results  Treaty of Paris ended the war and greatly reduced French power  This war led to the American revolution and indirectly to the French Revolution 11

12.  Causes  Napoleon was longing to expand the French Empire in Europe  Details  Napoleon controlled most of Europe, either directly or indirectly  Coalition of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain formed to defeat Napoleon  Results  Monarchy was restored in France and the European countries attempted to maintain a balance of power  Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Holy Alliance and attempted to reduce the spread of liberalism 12

13.  Causes  War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over religious rights in Palestine and land in Eastern Europe  Details  France and Great Britain supported the Ottoman Empire because they feared Russia’s territorial ambitions  Results  Russian was defeated and withdrew from European affairs and attempted to modernize  This war also destroyed the Concert of Europe, where the big powers had agreed to negotiate rather than use war 13

14.  Causes  Prussia was looking to gain land and bring unification to Germany  Details  Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in a series of three separate wars  Results  Germany becomes unified under a Parliamentary monarchy led by William I of Prussia  Tensions of this war led to much bitterness and resentment between Germany and France 14

15.  Cause:  Japan invaded Russia looking to gain more land  Details:  It was clear that Russia simply it did not have the same level of technology as Japan  Results:  Russia gave up a large amount of land and realized that they still had a large amount of industrialization to do  The people of Russia revolted in 1905, but did not actually gain much 15