1. Chapter 4 IP Addressing : Classful Addressing

2. 4.1 Introduction For a host to communicate with any other host
Need a universal identification system
Need to name each host
Internet address or IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely defines a host or a router on the internet
The IP addresses are unique in the sense that two devices can never have the same address. However, a device can have more one address.

3. Notation Binary notation 01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010
32 bit address, or a 4 octet address or a 4-byte address
Decimal point notation

4. Notation (cont’d)
Hexadecimal Notation
- 8 hexadecimal digits
- Used in network programming
D EA
0x75951DEA

5. 4.2 Classful Addressing Occupation of address space
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E.
Finding the class in binary notation

6. Classful Addressing (cont’d)
Finding the address class

7. Classful Addressing (cont’d)
Finding the class in decimal notation

8. Netid and Hostid
Each IP address is made of two parts; netid and hostid.
Netid defines a network; hostid identifies a host on that network.

9. Netid and Hostid (cont’d)
IP addresses are divided into five different classes: A, B, C, D, and E

10. Classes and Blocks Blocks in class A
Class A is divided into 128 blocks with each block having a different netid.
Millions of class A addresses are wasted.

11. Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
Class B is divided into 16,384 blocks with each block having a different netid
Many class B addresses are wasted.

12. Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
Class C is divided into 2,097,152 blocks with each block having a different netid.
The number of addresses in a class C block is smaller than the needs of most organizations

13. Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
Class D addresses are used for multicasting; there is only one block in this class.
Class E addresses are reserved for special purposes; most of the block is wasted.

14. Network Address The network address is the first address.
The network address defines the network to the rest of the Internet.
Given the network address, we can find the class of the address, the block, and the range of the addresses in the block
In classful addressing, the network address (the first address in the block) is the one that is assigned to the organization.

15. Mask
A mask is a 32-bit binary number that gives the first address in the block (the network address) when bitwise ANDed with an address in the block.
Masking concept

16. Mask (cont’d) AND Operation
The network address is the beginning address of each block. It can be found by applying the default mask to any of the addresses in the block (including itself). It retains the netid of the block and sets the hostid to zero. (refer table 4.2)

17. 4.3 Others Issues Multihomed devices (computers, or routers)
A computer that is connected to different networks
Having more than one address

18. Special Addresses
Some parts of the address space in class A, B, C for special addresses

19. Special Addresses
Network address : an address with the hostid all set to 0s

20. Special Addresses (cont’d)
Direct Broadcast Address : Used by a router to send a packet to all hosts in a specific network

21. Special Addresses (cont’d)
Limited Broadcast Address : all 1s for the netid and hostid (32bits)

22. Special Addresses (cont’d)
This Host on This Network : used by a host at bootstrap time when it does not know its IP address

23. Special Addresses (cont’d)
Specific Host on This Network : used by a host to send a message to another on the same network

24. Special Addresses (cont’d)
Loopback Address :
IP address of the first byte : 127
Used to test the software on a machine
Used by a client process to send a message to a server process on the same machine
“Ping”

25. Private Addresses
A number of blocks in each class are assigned for private use. They are not recognized globally.
Class Netid Total
Class A
Class B to
Class C to

26. Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses
Unicast communication is one-to-one.
Multicast communication is one-to-many.
Broadcast communication is one-to-all.
Multicast delivery will be discussed in depth in Chapter 14.

27. Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
Assigned Multicast addresses : starting with a prefix

28. Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
Unicast Addresses : one-to-one
Multicast addresses : one-to-many; class D address
Used as a destination address

29. Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
Multicast address for conferencing : starting with a prefix

30. Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
Broadcast addresses : one-to-all
Allowed only at the local level
Limited broadcast address (all 1s)
Direct broadcast address (netid: specific, hostid: all 0s)
No broadcasting is allowed at the global level

31. A Sample Internet with Classful Address
Token Ring LAN (Class C), Ethernet LAN (Class B), Ethernet LAN (Class A) , Point-to-point WAN, A Switched WAN

32. 4.4 Subnetting and Supernetting
A network is divided into several smaller networks with each subnetwork (or subnet) having its subnetwork address
Supernetting
Combining several class C addresses to create a larger range of addresses
IP Addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy

33. Subnetting Netid and Hostid
Classes A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy (not subnetted)
Netid and Hostid

34. Subnetting (cont’d)
Further division of a network into smaller networks called subnetworks
R1 differentiating subnets

35. Subnetting (cont’d)
Three levels of hierarchy : netid, subnetid, and hostid

36. 031 Subnetting (cont’d) Three steps of the routing for an IP datagram
Delivery to the site, delivery to the subnetwork, and delivery to the host
Hierarchy concept in a telephone number
031

37. Subnet Mask
A process that extracts the address of the physical network (network/subnetwork portion) from an IP address

38. Finding the Subnet Mask Address
Given an IP address, we can find the subnet address the same way we found the network address in the previous chapter. We apply the mask to the address. We can do this in two ways: straight or short-cut.
Straight Method
In the straight method, we use binary notation for both the address and the mask and then apply the AND operation to find the subnet address.
Example 15
What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is and the subnet mask is ?

39. Finding the Subnet Mask Address (cont’d)
Solution
The subnetwork address is

40. Comparison of a default mask and a subnet mask

41. Supernetting A block of class x addresses For example,
An organization that needs 1,000 addresses can be granted four class C addresses

42. Supernetting (cont’d)
4 class C addresses combine to make one supernetwork

43. Supernet Mask
In subnetting, we need the first address of the subnet and the subnet mask to define the range of addresses.
In supernetting, we need the first address of the supernet and the supernet mask to define the range of addresses.

44. Supernet Mask (cont’d)
Comparison of subnet, default, and supernet masks