1. The CSIRO ATNF Gigabit Wide-Area Network Shaun W Amy CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility

2. Project Aim Initially provide a 1Gbit/s link to each of the three ATNF observatories: –Parkes, –Mopra (cost/fibre sharing with ANU’s Siding Springs Observatory), –ATCA Narrabri (and then to CSIRO Plant Industry, Myall Vale). Uses the AARNet Regional Transmission Service (RTS). Connect each observatory (without aggregation) back to CSIRO ATNF headquarters at Marsfield in Sydney. Require network performance and stability that can enable “real” e-VLBI. Production and Research traffic will share the same link. Extend the network to WASP at UWA (via CeNTIE/GrangeNet) and also to Swinburne University (via the southern leg) of the AARNet Regional Network.

3. An ATNF Telescope “Refresher” Parkes: –64m prime-focus antenna, –range of receivers and backends, –celebrates its 45 th birthday in October, –VLBI (including Mk III for geodesy), –the star of The Dish. Mopra: –22m wheel-on-track, cassegrain antenna, –primary use is for mm observations during winter, –new spectrometer: MOPS, –almost always used for VLBI (including the first Mopra observations). Narrabri: –6 x 22m (with 5 movable), cassegrain antennas, –frequency agility, –various antenna configurations (5km E-W track with N-S spur), –CABB wide-band backend scheduled for 2007-8, –VLBI: tied-array mode.

4. The Parkes Telescope

5. The Mopra Telescope

6. The Australia Telescope Compact Array, Narrabri

7. AARNet Regional Transmission Service Implemented using Nextgen fibre infrastructure. The RTS provides a connection between the Nextgen connection point on the regional network and the Nextgen POP located in the capital city. Point-to-point Ethernet service (Layer 2): –the customer can use this however they wish. Service delivered via CWDM MUX or direct fibre depending on the connection model (see later) Regional fibre tail builds are the responsibility of the customer not AARNet. “Last mile” in the capital city is the responsibility of the customer.

8. The Nextgen Network Source: AARNet Pty Ltd

9. Backbone Design Nextgen: –AARNet have access to two fibre pairs (not the whole Nextgen network), –Pair 1: AARNet DWDM 10Gbit/s service (provides inter-capital city AARNet3 service), –Pair 2: Physical connections to tail sites. Implemented using Cisco Carrier-class (ONS 15454) optical transmission systems: –initially supports 16 x 10Gbit/s wavelengths, –can be upgraded to 32 x 10Gbit/s with no chassis changes. –each customer 1Gbit/s service is full-line rate (i.e. no oversubscription). Requires amplification/regeneration every 80-100km: –optical-optical and optical-electrical-optical, –housed in a Controlled Environment Vault (CEV) but these are not always located at ideal locations for site connections!

10. Part of the Nextgen SB2 Segment Source: AARNet Pty Ltd

11. Connecting to the AARNet Regional Transmission Network Source: AARNet Pty Ltd

12. Cost Considerations (for a 1Gbit/s transmission service) Setup/Install/Construction: –fibre build (approx $2m), –break-out equipment ($32k per location) –initial connection charge within a network segment ($60k per circuit), –active equipment (switches, routers, optical transceivers, patch leads), –travel/labour. Recurrent: –access charge per circuit ($34k p.a.), –fibre maintenance charges (about $40k p.a.), –CSIRO equipment maintenance/self-sparing, –labour. Other: –depreciation, –whole-of-life costing and equipment rollover/upgrades.

13. Network Design Implemented by ATNF using mid-range equipment at the observatories capable of 1Gbit/s but NOT 10Gbit/s. Can support “jumbo” frames at Layer 2 but NOT at Layer 3. CSIRO’s corporate IT group are interested in upgrading/exchanging this equipment for high-end hardware that is modular and capable of 10Gbit/s but… Combined Layer 2 (Ethernet) and Layer 3 (IP) network. For e-VLBI, a layer 2 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) has been implemented across all ATNF sites (with extensions to UWA and Swinburne), primarily for performance reasons. The e-VLBI VLAN uses so-called CSIRO “untrusted” address space and thus can be accessible from hosts that aren’t connected to this VLAN (e.g. University of Tasmania, JIVE etc): –this external connectivity is via a standard routed IP connection, –this traffic transits a CSIRO firewall appliance. For production traffic, layer 3 point-to-point links are used which allows for rapid failover to a backup link (via the existing Layer 3 routing protocols): –a recent science-related use of the production network has been to implement Mopra remote observing from Narrabri.

14. A Hybrid Switched/Routed Network

15. Network Protocol and Performance Considerations TCP or UDP? –currently using TCP. Data recorders currently running kernel 2.6.16. What about Ethernet “jumbo” frames: –not currently being used by the ATNF disk/network-based recorders. A number of TCP variants were tested, including Reno, BIC, highspeed, htcp) and settled on BIC. Default TCP configuration is not tuned for high-bandwidth, long-haul networks: –TCP window is the amount of un-acknowledged data in the network, –Optimise buffers (TCP window size) using: window = bandwidth x RTT

16. Performance between e-VLBI data recorders (memory-memory) Source: Dr Chris Phillips

17. Future Developments (1) Additional three 1Gbit/s links to be commissioned: –location of endpoints, –ensure ATNF production and research (e-VLBI) network requirements are met, –satisifying the requirements of CSIRO’s corporate IT group, –load balancing/link sharing considerations. “Lighting up” the Swinburne connection: –ATNF have an agreement with Swinburne to provide a software correllation facility starting 1 October 2006, –technically easy but legal issues causing the delay. Is there a simple mechanism to guarantee that e-VLBI gets the required bandwidth when needed (e.g. some form of policing/rate- limiting)? Is Quality of Service (QoS) required? Should we use “jumbo” frames as the default even though good results are being obtained with a 1500byte MTU on 1Gbit/s links.

18. Future Developments (2) The (not-so-wild) West: –Currently uses GrangeNet and CeNTIE (at no direct cost) to provide a dedicated 1Gbit/s path to the hosts at WASP at UWA, –GrangeNet due to close before the end of 2006, –the 10Gbit/s (multiple 1Gbit/s circuits) CeNTIE Melbourne-Perth path will be shutdown in December 2006 –AARNet3 production service is a possible alternative but need to consider the following: cost (traffic charges and setup), layer 3 (i.e. IPv4/v6 routed traffic) only, currently provides 1Gbit/s connections via a somewhat restrictive connection mechanism, –Need to factor in xNTD (and LFD) network requirements. EXPReS: –engineering of overseas links (will AARNet look to providing UCLP or some sort of hybrid optical-packet technology on one of the two SX Transport 10Gbit/s links between Australia and the USA), 10Gbit/s and beyond… Do we need to consider non-Ethernet based services?

19. First Mopra Remote Observing by Dion Lewis (Operations Scientist) on Saturday 29 July 2006