1. Chapter 4 – Matrix CSNB 143 Discrete Mathematical Structures

2. Matrix Students should be able to read matrix and its entries without difficulties. Students should understand all matrices operations. Students should be able to differentiate different matrices and operations by different matrix. Students should be able to identify Boolean matrices and how to operate them.

3. Matrix An array of numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n vertical columns: A = a 11 a 12 a 13 ……. a 1n a 21 a 22 a 23 …….. a 2n … … … ………… a m1 a m2 a m3 …… a mn The ith row of A is [a i1, a i2, a i3, …a in ]; 1  i  m The jth column of A is a 1j a 2j ; 1  j  n a 3j a mj

4. We say that A is a matrix m x n. If m = n, then A is a square matrix of order n, and a 11, a 22, a 33,..a nn form the main diagonal of A. a ij which is in the ith row and jth column, is said to be the i, jth element of A or the (i, j) entry of A, often written as A = [a ij ].

5. Ex 2: A = 8 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 A square matrix A = [a ij ], for which every entry off the main diagonal is zero, that is a ij = 0 for i  j, is called a diagonal matrix.

6. Two m x n matrices A and B, A = [a ij ] and B = [b ij ], are said to be equal if a ij = b ij for 1  i  m, 1  j  n; that is, if corresponding elements are the same. Ex 3: A = a 5 3B = 1 5 x 2 7 -1y 7 -1 3 b 03 4 0 So, if A = B, then a = 1, x = 3, y = 2, b = 4.

7. Matrix summation If A = [a ij ] and B = [b ij ] are m x n matrices, then the sum of A and B is matrix C = [c ij ], defined by c ij = a ij + b ij ; 1  i  m, 1  j  n. C is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.

8. A = 1 5 3 B = 2 0 3 2 7 -1 6 1 3 3 4 0 -3 1 9 C = 3 5 6 8 8 4 0 5 9 The sum of the matrices A and B is defined only when A and B have the same number of rows and the same number of columns (same dimension).

9. Exercise 1: a) Identify which matrices that the summation process can be done. b) Compute C + G, A + D, E + H, A + F. A = 2 1 B = 2 1 3 C = 7 2 4 8 4 5 7 4 2 1 5

10. D = 3 3 E = 2 -3 7 F = -2 -1 2 5 0 4 7 -4 -8 3 1 2 G = 4 3 H = 1 2 3 5 1 4 5 6 -1 0 7 8 9

11. A matrix in when all of its entries are zero is called zero matrix, denoted by 0. Theorems involved in summation : A + B = B + A. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C). A + 0 = 0 + A = A.

12. Matrices Product If A = [a ij ] is an m x p matrix and B = [b ij ] is a p x n matrix, then the product of A and B, denoted AB, will produce the m x n matrix C = [c ij ], defined by c ij = a i1 b 1j + a i2 b 2j + … + a ip b pj ; 1  i  n, 1  j  m That is, elements a i1, a i2,.. a ip from ith row of A and elements b 1j, b 2j,.. b pj from jth column of B, are multiplied for each corresponding entries and add all the products.

13. Ex 5: A = 2 3 -4 B = 3 1 1 2 3 -2 2 2 x 3 5 -3 3 x 2 AB = 2(3) + 3(-2) + -4(5)2(1) + 3(2) + -4(-3) 1(3) + 2(-2) + 3(5)1(1) + 2(2) + 3(-3)

14. =6 – 6 – 202 + 6 + 12 3 – 4 + 151 + 4 – 9 = -2020 14-4 2 x 2

15. Exercise 2: Identify which matrices that the product process can be done. List all pairs. Compute CA, AD, EG, BE, HE.

16. If A is an m x p matrix and B is a p x n matrix, in which AB will produce m x n, BA might be produce or not depends on: n  m, then BA cannot be produced. n = m, p  m @ n, then we can get BA but the size will be different from AB. n = m= p, A  B, then we can get BA, the size of BA and AB is the same, but AB  BA. n = m = p, A = B, then we can get BA, the size of BA and AB is the same, and AB = BA.

17. A B AB B ABA (m x p) (p x n) (m x n) (p x n) (m x p) ? 2 x 3 3 x 4 2 x 4 3 x 4 2 x 3 X 2 x 3 3 x 2 2 x 2 3 X 2 2 X 33 X 3 2 X 2 2 X 2 2 X 2 2 X 2 2 X 22 X 2 2 1 3 1 9 5 3 1 2 1 8 6 2 3 3 3 15 11 3 3 2 312 12

18. MATRIX Identity matrix Let say A is a diagonal matrix n x n. If all entries on its diagonal are 1, it is called identity matrix, ordered n, written as I. Ex 7: 1 01 0 01 0 0 0 0 10 1 00 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Theorems involved are: A(BC) = (AB)C. A(B + C) = AB + AC. (A + B)C = AC + BC. IA = AI = A.

19. Transposition Matrix If A = [a ij ] is an m x n matrix, then A T = [a ij ] T is a n x m matrix, where a ij T = a ji ; 1  i  m, 1  j  n It is called transposition matrix for A. Ex 8: A = 2 -3 5A T = 2 6 6 1 3-3 1 5 3 Theorems involved are: (A T ) T = A (A + B) T = A T + B T (AB) T = B T A T

20. Matrix A = [a ij ] is said to be symmetric if A T = A, that is a ij = a ji, A is said to be symmetric if all entries are symmetrical to its main diagonal. Ex 9: A = 1 2 -3B = 1 2 -3 2 4 52 4 0 -3 5 63 2 1 Symmetric Not Symmetric, why?

21. Boolean Matrix and Its Operations Boolean matrix is an m x n matrix where all of its entries are either 1 or 0 only. There are three operations on Boolean: a) Join by Given A = [a ij ] and B = [b ij ] are Boolean matrices with the same dimension, join by A and B, written as A  B, will produce a matrix C = [c ij ], where c ij = 1if a ij = 1 OR b ij = 1 0if a ij = 0 AND b ij = 0 b) Meet Meet for A and B, both with the same dimension, written as A  B, will produce matrix D = [d ij ] where d ij = 1if a ij = 1 AND b ij = 1 0 if a ij = 0 OR b ij = 0

22. MATRIX Ex 10: A = 1 0 1B = 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 1 1 1 00 1 0 0 1 01 1 0 A  B = 1 1 1A  B = 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

23. MATRIX c) Boolean product If A = [a ij ] is an m x p Boolean matrix, and B = [b ij ] is a p x n Boolean matrix, we can get a Boolean product for A and B written as A ⊙ B, producing C, where: c ij = 1 if a ik = 1 AND b kj = 1; 1  k  p. 0other than that It is using the same way as normal matrix product.

24. MATRIX Ex 11: A = 1 0 0 0B = 1 1 0 0 1 1 00 1 0 1 0 1 11 1 0 3 x 40 0 1 4 x 3 A ⊙ B = 1 + 0 + 0 + 01 + 0 + 0 + 00 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 1 + 00 + 1 + 1 + 00 + 0 + 0 + 0 1 + 0 + 1 + 01 + 0 + 1 + 00 + 0 + 0 + 1 A ⊙ B = 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 3 x 3

25. MATRIX Exercise 3: A = 1 0 0 0 B = 0 1 0 0 C = 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 Find: a) A  B b) A  B c) A ⊙ B d) A  C e) A  C f) A ⊙ C g) B  C h) B  C i) B ⊙ C