1. Keyword Shell Variables The shell sets keyword shell variables. You can use (and change) them. HOME The path to your home directory PATH Directories where the shell looks for executables USER Your login name SHELL The name of the shell you are running PWD The current working directory PRINTER Can be loaded with your default printer

2. $ cat env #!/bin/sh echo "Hi $USER!" echo "Your home is: $HOME" echo "Your path is: $PATH" echo "Your current directory is: $PWD" echo "Your shell is: $SHELL" echo "Your printer is: $PRINTER" $ env Hi qyang! Your home is: /homes/qyang Your path is:/usr/bin:.:.:/homes/horner/Unix/bin:... Your current directory is: /homes/qyang/111 Your shell is: /bin/csh Your printer is: csl3

3. Read only Shell Variables Read Only means you cannot change it; just read its value $0 is the program name (the filename the user typed to invoke the shell script): $ cat print1 #!/bin/sh echo "This script is called $0" $ print1 This script is called print1 $./print1 This script is called./print1 $ ~/111/print1 This script is called /homes/qyang/111/print1

4. Command Line Arguments – (1) The command line arguments that you call a script with are stored in variables $1, $2,..., $9. $ cat args1 #!/bin/sh echo "The args are $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9" $ args1 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 The args are a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 With more than 9 arguments, they are still stored, but they have to be moved using the shift command before they can be accessed.

5. Command Line Arguments – (2) Example: How to write a command to swap two files? $ cat swap #!/bin/sh mv $1 /tmp/$1 mv $2 $1 mv /tmp/$1 $2 $ cat it1 contents of file1 $ cat it2 contents of file2 $ swap it1 it2 $ cat it1 contents of file2 $ cat it2 contents of file1 $

6. Command Line Arguments – (3) $* lists all the command line args: $ cat args2 #!/bin/sh echo "The args are $*" $ args2 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 The args are a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 $# contains the number of args: $ cat args3 #!/bin/sh echo "The number of args is $#" $ args3 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 The number of args is 10

7. The for statement executes a loop once for each of a list of possibilities: $ cat printall #!/bin/sh for file in * do if [ -f $file ] then echo "Print $file [y/n]? " read resp if [ $resp = "y" ] then lpr -Pcll3 $file fi done $ printall Print letter1 [y/n]? y Print names [y/n]? n Looping using for – Example 1

8. The in clause of the for statement accepts as many parameters as you wish in many forms: $ for i in 1 2 3 ; do echo $i ; done 1 2 3 $ for pid in `ps -a | tail +2 | cut -c1-6 | sort` > do > kill -9 $pid > done kill: permission denied (you will then be logout!)