1. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari “The needs for protection of frequencies used for passive sensing in meteorology, climatology and environmental studies” Hans Richner Steering Group Radiofrequency Coordination (SG RFC) WMO Commission for Basic Systems

2. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari 1.telecommunication data collection data dissemination telemetry Requirements of the meteorological community for radiofrequency spectrum basically for three purposes: 2.active remote sensing 3.passive remote sensing

3. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari 1.telecommunication, data collection, data dissemination, telemetry radiosondes satellites DCPs

4. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari 2.active remote sensing radar wind profiler satellite

5. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari 3.passive remote sensing space based ground based

6. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari

7. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari requirements of the meteorological community for radiofrequency spectrum listed by major systems -radiosondes -meteorological radar -windprofiler -meteorological satellites = control and housekeeping = passive sensing = active sensing -DCPs -general telecommunication

8. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari MSG (Meteosat-8) Color composite image of Red (NIR 1.6), Green (VIS 0.8), and Blue (VIS 0.6) taken on 12 February 2003 (13:45 UTC).

9. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari

10. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari O 2 absorption spectrum

11. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari major future threats: introduction of numerous ultra-wideband systems UWS (spread spectrum technique) -- serious threat for passive sensing persistent pressure on bands used for radiosounding exploding numbers of cell phones, introduction of UMTS, wireless LANs, microwave-based collision warning systems... for SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich WMO CBS ICT ISS Meeting, September 9 to 13, 2002, Geneva two years ago

12. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari principle of UWB (Ultra Wide Band) systems

13. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari

14. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari

15. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari

16. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari water vapor absorption around 24 GHz

17. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari water vapor mixing ratio as seen by NOAA satellite

18. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern (IAP) ASMUWARA, the All-Sky MUlti WAvelength RAdiometer

19. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (1) Frequency BW (GHz)(MHz)main measurements 1.4 - 1.427100soil moisture, salinity, ocean surface temperature, vegetation index 2.69 - 2.7060salinity, soil moisture 4.2 - 4.4200ocean surface temperature 6.7 - 7.1400ocean surface temperature (no allocation) 10.6 - 10.7100rain, snow, ice, sea state, ocean wind, ocean surface temperature, soil moisture 15.35 - 15.40200water vapour, rain 18.6 - 18.8200rain, sea state, ocean ice, water vapour, snow 21.2 - 21.4200water vapour, cloud liquid water 22.21 - 22.50300water vapour, cloud liquid water 23.6 - 24.0400water vapour, cloud liquid water 31.3 - 31.8500window channel associated to temperature measurements 36 - 371000rain, snow, ocean ice, water vapour, cloud liquid water, ocean wind, soil moisture

20. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (2) Frequency BW (GHz)(MHz)main measurements 50.2 - 50.4200O2 (temperature profiling) 52.6 - 59.36700O2 (temperature profiling) 86 - 926000Clouds, ice, snow, rain 100 - 1022000N2O 109.5 - 111.82300O3 114.25 - 122.258000O2 (temperature profiling), CO 148.5 - 151.53000window channel 155.5 - 158.53000window channel (to be terminated on 1 January 2018) 164 - 1673000window channel 174.8 - 191.817000H2O (moisture profiling), N2O, O3 200 - 2099000H2O, O3, N2O 226 - 2326000clouds, CO 235 - 2383000O3 250 – 2522000N2O 275 – 2772000N2O

21. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite passive sensing (3) Frequency BW (GHz)(MHz)Main measurements 294 – 30612000N2O, O3, O2, HNO3, HOCl 316 – 33410000water vapour profiling, O3, HOCl 342 – 3497000CO, HNO3, CH3Cl, O3, O2, HOCl, H2O 363 – 3652000O3 371 – 38918000water vapour profiling 416 – 43418000temperature profiling 442 – 4442000water vapour 486 – 5069000O3, CH3Cl, N2O, BrO, ClO 546 – 56822000temperature profiling 624 – 6295000BrO, O3, HCl, SO2, H2O2, HOCl, HNO3 634 – 65420000CH3Cl, HOCl, ClO, H2O, N2O, BrO, O3, HO2, HNO3 659 – 6612000BrO 684 – 6928000ClO, CO, CH3Cl 730 – 7322000O2, HNO3 851 – 8532000NO 951 – 9565000O2, NO, H2O

22. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari O 3,CH 3 Cl, HOCl, ClO, HNO 3, N 2 O, H 2 O 2, HCN, BrO, SO 2,...

23. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari absorption lines between 275 GHz and 1 THz -- tomorrows resources!?

24. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari Footnote to Radio Regulations: S5.340All emissions are prohibited in the following bands: 1 400 - 1 427 MHz 2 690 - 2 700 MHz except those provided for by Nos. S5.421 an S5.422 10.68 - 10.7 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.483 15.35 - 15.4 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.511 23.6 - 24 GHz ………………. ………………. caution: dirty tricks! unwanted emissions: consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions we all know: there are unwanted emissions!

25. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari out-of-band emissions: Emissions on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions spurious emissions: Emissions on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequencies and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.

26. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari caution: dirty tricks! Footnote to Radio Regulations: S5.340All emissions are prohibited in the following bands: 1 400 - 1 427 MHz 2 690 - 2 700 MHz except those provided for by Nos. S5.421 an S5.422 10.68 - 10.7 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.483 15.35 - 15.4 GHz except those provided for by No. S5.511 23.6 - 24 GHz intentional

27. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari what will happen in the next years? Europe U.S. Japan

28. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari

29. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari what is needed? telecommunication people must be made aware of the technique of passive remote sensing! meteorologists must be made aware that there is no unlimited spectrum! constructive dialogue!

30. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari looking for more detailed information? get a copy of

31. for WMO SG RFC: Hans Richner, IAC ETH, Zurich Active Protection of Passive Radio Services, Oct. 28/29, 2004, Cagliari The meteorological community will crucially depend on the availability of protected frequency bands for passive sensing! thank you for your attention!