2. We are waiting for Apu. Apu is from India. Same thing in different sentences. D.O. Subj.

3. We are waiting for Apu, Apu is from India. is from India. Subj who

4. We are waiting for Apu, is fromIndia.who We are waiting for Apu, who is from India. This is the main clause. This is the subordinate clause. Subordinate/Depen dent clause Its meaning is incomplete if we remove the main clause. Main /independent clause If we remove the subordinate clause from the sentence, its meaning is still complete. The two sentences can be linked into one. We use a relative pronoun to substitute the common item and join the two sentences in one.

5. LINKING WORDS RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO / THAT WHICH / THATWHOSE PREPOSITION + WHOM or +WHICH (Formal)

6. LINKING WORDS

7. Two types of relative clauses: Non-Defining   Extra information about a noun in a sentence The new Woody Allen film, which I saw last week, is very good.   Use commas   Always use a relative pronoun: who/whom,which whose, where, when Defining   Essential information about a noun in a sentence You’re the man (that) I saw last week.   No commas   Can omit pronoun if it is not the SUBJECT of the relative clause   That (informal) can replace which / who/ when / why but not where, whose or whom

8. Which sentence is true? 1.Pubs in the UK, which banned smoking, are now very popular. 2. Pubs in the UK which banned smoking are now very popular.

9. Which is true? 1. Milk, which contains chemicals, is dangerous. 2. Milk which contains chemicals is dangerous.

10. Defining relative clauses = No commas A defining relative clause identifies which person or thing we mean exactly. It cannot be left out of the sentence or the meaning of the sentence is incomplete : It’s the book that I read yesterday. * It’s the book. (this sentence is incomplete)

11. Defining relative clauses = No commas  You can omit the pronoun if it is the OBJECT of the relative clause (if there is a SUBJECT between the relative pronoun and the verb ) It’s the book that I read yesterday  (omit) It’s the book I read yesterday. It’s the book I read yesterday. The girl who lives next door is French.  We can never omit WHOSE and WHERE

12. Non-defining relative clauses = with commas This kind of clause gives additional information about a person or thing. The sentence still makes sense without the non-defining relative clause:  My neighbour, who studies engineering, is very noisy.  My neighbour is very noisy.

13. Formal / Informal  Non-Defining relative clauses (with commas) are more common in written English because they are quite formal. In spoken English we would probably use two sentences. Compare: Elvis Presley, who has sold over one billion albums, died of prescription drug abuse. [written] with Elvis has sold over a billion albums. He died of an overdose. [spoken ]

14. Verb + preposition  When the verb is followed by a preposition in the relative clause we can use two structures: The woman is a lawyer. I spoke to a woman  Formal: Preposition + rel.pronoun The woman to whom* I spoke is a lawyer. The woman to whom* I spoke is a lawyer. (* We can’t omit the relative pronoun after a preposition ) Or  Informal: Preposition after the verb The woman (who) I spoke to is a lawyer. The woman (who) I spoke to is a lawyer.

15. Exercise Make these sentences more formal: 1.The house Shakespeare lived in is in Stratford upon Avon. 2.No one knows who Guy Fawkes revealed the plot to. 3.The village we went to do our research to was without water or electricity. 4.The people we worked with were cooperative and informative.

16. Relative Adverbs Time: when or in/on/at + which or that  That was the year when/that I got my degree. (The year in which...)  11 September 2001 was the day when/that people’s attitude towards terrorism changed. (The day on which...)  The adverb (when) can be omitted. when 11 September 2001 was the day people’s attitude towards terrorism changed. 11 September 2001 was the day people’s attitude towards terrorism changed.

17. Relative Adverbs Place: where or in/on/at + which or that  That’s the factory where they make chemicals. (The factory in which...)  That’s the spot where the battle took place. (The spot on which...)  The adverb (where) cannot generally be omitted. where

18. Relative Adverbs: Reason: why (for which)  I will explain the reasons why the accident occurred = I will explain the reason for which the accident occurred  The adverb (why) can be omitted. why I will explain the reasons the accident occurred

19. Relative pronouns Possessive: whose  It takes the place of his, her, their or a noun in possessive case ‘s.  Andy Warhol was a pop artist whose paintings are famous worldwide.(His paintings are famous…)  Charlie, whose sister lives in London, whose is travelling to England this summer. (Charlie’s sister lives in London).