1. Spray Spectrum of Spray Droplets Concerning Fungicide Control in Dense Canopy

2. Selecting the proper nozzle: Legal issues!! Following the label!

3. Changes in the Application Industry! u Historically inefficient process u Increased cost per acre for crop protection u Rates are changing (< an ounce/acre) u More pest specific products (foliar) u Biotechnology and GMO’s – Issues???? u More sophisticated equipment (electronics) $$$ u Environmental impact (water and air quality) u Drift!!!!!!! u Variable rates u Site-specific u ASR

4. Nozzles are important because: u Control the amount – GPA. u Determine uniformity of application. u Affects the coverage. u Influences the drift potential.

5. Nozzle Technology? u Nozzles designed to reduce drift u Improved drop size control u Emphasis on ‘Spray Quality’

6. Nozzle Spray Spectrum

7. 1/2 of spray volume = larger droplets VMD 1/2 of spray volume = smaller droplets

8. Comparison of Micron Sizes for Various Items: (approximate values) u pencil lead 2000 (  m ) u paper clip 850 (  m ) u staple 420 (  m ) u toothbrush bristle 300 (  m ) u sewing thread150 (  m ) u human hair100 (  m ) 150

9. Cutting Droplet Size in Half Results in Eight Times the Number of Droplets 500 Microns 500 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns 250 Microns

10. Air-Induction/Venturi Nozzles u Where air is drawn into the nozzle cavity and exits with the fluid.

11. Air/Induction – Venturi Nozzle: u Greenleaf – TurboDrop u Air intake venturi section u Mixing Chamber - air and spray solution blended u Pattern tip forms large air- bubble drops u Exit tip flow 2X venturi orifice u Better Penetration? u Reduced run-off? u Improved coverage? u Adequate efficacy? u Reduced drift?

12. TTI Nozzle (XC)

13. What about the cost of the nozzle?

14. Rated Pressure = 40 psi for most nozzle types 10 psi for turbo flood nozzles Nomenclature: Stainless Steel Insert Orifice Trade Name Fan angle and flow rate- orifice size Extended Range VisiFlo Color Coding (S,H,P,K,SS)

15. 20 40 80 Turbodrop XL @ 20, 40, 80 psi XR Flat-fan @ 20, 40, 80 psi 20 40 80

16. Why is Spray Spectrum Important? u Asian Soybean Rust u Potential for large yield impacts u Currently on the way… u Applications have to done Correctly Timely

17. ASR BMP’s for Nozzle Selection u Application rate = 20 GPA u Use MEDIUM droplets u Use a twin nozzle package u Purchase your nozzles NOW! u Prepare your sprayer and calibrate NOW!

18. Virginia Ag Expo 2005

19. Section #1 TurboDrop XL – 100 o TDXL11005 – 15 GPA COARSE Droplets

20. Section #4 TJ60-8008 TwinJet 22 GPA MEDIUM Droplets

21. Section #5 - Yellow XR Flat Fan XR8002 - 6GPA FINE Droplets

22. Why Droplet Size is Important?

23. Droplet Classification Droplet Size (microns) Recommended Uses Fine119 - 216Insecticides and Fungicides Medium217 - 353 Medium217 - 353Herbicides and Postemergence Coarse354 - 464 Very Coarse> 464Soil Applications of Herbicides

24. ASR – medium droplet

25. Twin Nozzles

27. Nozzle Spreadsheet http://www.ppws.vt.edu/ipm/soybeanrust/index.htm

28. ASR BMP’s for Nozzle Selection u Application rate = 20 GPA u Use MEDIUM droplets u Use a twin nozzle package u Purchase your nozzles NOW! u Prepare your sprayer and calibrate NOW!