1. Intellectual property Copyright &Trade mark

2. Intellectual property (IP) What is it? World intellectual property organization (WIPO) It refers to the ‘products of the mind’ Inventions, literary and artistic works, any symbols, names, images and designs used in commerce’.

3. World Trade Organization (WTO) ‘Rights given to people over the creations of their minds.

4. characteristics Intellectual property in nature,does not have a material existence. patents and trade marks can not be discussed except if the form of property Is a Tangible form

5. Therefore the most basic product of mind- IDEAS-cannot be protected.

6. But… Once in existence (tangible form), intellectual property rights have much in common with real property: 1. Intellectual property rights can be assigned/bequeathed (pass on or leave it to someone else). 2. Trespassers will be held to account

7. patent A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention.exclusive rightsstate fixed period of timeinvention

8. Example:

10. New “wonder drug” Coca-cola sign A best-selling novel A new wonder drug Each constitute the physical embodiment of an intellectual property right.

11. Example: A registered trademark- coca-cola sign A copyright- a novel A patent- wonder drug

12. Think about it… Example: X manufactures; sells crisps under the registered mark ‘Mc Tatties’. Y starts to sell crisps under the mark ‘Mc Tatties’. Question: what has Y done?

13. Think about it… Y then sells crackers under the mark ‘McTaggies’. X bring infringement proceedings against Y.

14. Thinks about it… Now, it is up to the court to decide whether the rights in the mark ‘McTatties’ accorded to X by registration, extend to his preventing Y from using a different mark on different goods!

15. Court’s decision The court will take into account a range of factors such as: Distinctiveness of X’s mark X’s reputation How the goods are sold (which may change over time)

16. Judgment In the end, the court will judge and it is this judgment that will mark out the boundaries of X’s rights in the mark ‘McTatties’, rather than just based on its presence as a trade mark register.

17. History of trademark 1565 1st patent granted 1875 trade marks act: existence of registered trade marks. 1988 design right introduction LATE 18C- a legal intellectual property law (patents, copyright, trade marks, industrial design rights) emerged in UK. Reason: IP is viewed as important economic assets $$$ (not anymore as rewards for mental labour)

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19. trademark The trade mark act 1994: ‘any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of others’.

20. How it functions Trademarks functions to protect its function as an indicator or symbol of the products identity: It shows us the Origin of the goods or services.

21. example The registered trademark ‘X’ on soft drink should reliably tell the consumer that all drinks marked ‘X’ originate from a single proprietor- not from any other enterprise.

22. Changes in recent years… globalization 1. The ownership of many well known brands is being concentrated in a small number of companies- many which operates internationally.

23. As a result, the trademark ‘X’ on soft drink may not mean it is produced by ‘X’ soft drink limited, but by its brand owner- a large multinational, which may also produce a number of competing brands as well as their ‘own brand’ product.

24. 2. The role of the trade mark as a guarantor of quality is less crucial to a wide range of goods and services. Early trade mark enables consumer to choose between product of certain quality over those which have more dubious attributes

25. As a result: How ever nowadays, consumers can expert a certain minimum quality for a wide range of goods and services, whatever marks attaches to them.

26. As a result.. The competition between goods and services has come to depend not on their differing quality but in the attractiveness of the trade marks they carry.

27. Example: nike, adidas

28. Looking at the definition again: What does it mean by: ‘any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of others’.

29. The sign is the subject matter of a registered trade mark. For example: NIKE of the ‘swoosh’

30. What does it mean? Any sign;

31. Any sign: A trade mark may consist of: Word(including personal names) Designs Letters Numerals The shape of goods or their packaging (‘coca- cola’ bottles/ ‘Toblerone’ triangular chocolate) Slogans Radio jingles Sensory marks such as colours, smells, sounds, and gestures

32. Capable of being represented graphically

33. Capable of being represent graphically Mark must be capable of graphic representation, so that the trade mark registry (TMR) can easily record and search for them, and so that they can be advertised in 2d form.

34. However smells, colour and shapes may be more difficult to register. Ex: registering a trade mark which consist of ‘a chewy sweet on a stick’.

35. Registration rejected because this does not comply with acceptable forms of graphic representation: Because it does not define what is distinctive about the mark with precision Since it is not possible to understand the mark precisely without references to the sample of the goods, the mark was not capable of being represent graphically.

36. Registration refused: another example Application to register a ‘smell’ (balsamically fruit with slight hint of cinnamon), its structural formula and an ‘odour sample’ in a container. The registration was refused. Why?

37. Yes- therefore what would be an acceptable graphic representation if not able to represent itself visually?

38. Why? 1.The proposed mark could not be represented graphically. Does ‘capable of graphic representation’ means only visible form or also include meaning sign: Odours/ sounds- not visible but can be reproduced?

39. As long as it can be graphically represented, then it can be registered- through use of images, lines. Characters. Chemical formula or description is not sufficiently clear or precise nor stable or durable

40. Colour- can be graphically represented if its representation meets the standards of an internationally recognized identification code such as the pantone colour standards

41. Capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of others All signs are deemed capable to distinguish the products they represent but whether it’s successfully registered depends on its capability to do so in practice.

42. example Two soap boxes: One in red with white word ‘soap’ The other in green with black word ‘soap’.

43. Example: This of course distinguish the 2 soaps but to satisfy the difference, the designs of these two boxes must be differentiated. It is also up to the applicant to persuade the TMR or court that his sign can function as a trade mark.

44. End!!!!