1. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Chemistry of Hazardous Materials Fifth Edition Eugene Meyer Chapter 3 Flammable Gases and Flammable Liquids

2. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Liquid Flammability Lower explosive limit –Minimum vapor concentration Upper explosive limit –Maximum vapor concentration Flammable range –Numerical difference between upper, lower limits

3. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Liquid Flammability (cont’d) Combustible gas monitor –Determines concentration of substance in air

4. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Temperature and Flammable Liquids Flashpoint –Minimum temp at which there is sufficient vapor to form ignitable mixture

5. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Temperature and Flammable Liquids (cont’d) Fire point –Temp at which self-sustained combustion occurs Auto ignition point –Temp at which self-sustained combustion occurs without ignition source

6. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ OSHA/NFPA Definitions Flammable liquid (Class I liquid) –Flashpoint < 100° F Combustible liquid (Class II liquid) –Flashpoint > 100° F

7. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ “Emptied” Tanks When liquid is removed, some vapor always remains within container or storage tank –Precautions always should be exercised Courtesy of GfG Instrumentation, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.

8. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Accelerants Flammable or combustible solids, liquids, gases Used to initiate, promote fire spread Confirmation by lab analysis

9. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Wastes classified by ignitability characteristics Subject to EPA regulations as it pertains to treatment, storage, disposal

10. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ RCRA Characteristic of Ignitability Waste exhibits ignitability if it is –flammable gas, as defined in DOT regulations –liquid with flashpoint equal to or less than 140º F (60º C) –material other than liquid capable “of causing fire by friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical”

11. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ RCRA Characteristic of Ignitability (cont’d) Waste exhibits ignitability if it is –flammable solid, as defined in DOT regulations –oxidizer, as defined in DOT regulations

12. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Storing and Transporting Compressed Gases Compressed gas –Gas confined under pressure Liquefied compressed gas –Under moderate pressure, gas liquefies

13. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Compressed Gas Storage Avoid damaging cylinder Secure in upright position Protect valve using protective cap When moving cylinders, they should be secured to appropriate cart

14. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Compressed Gas Transport DOT approves containers for use only upon heating (70° F to 130° F) and where pressure does not exceed five- fourths of container’s service pressure Cylinders must be secured for transport

15. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Compressed Gas Transport

16. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ General Hazards of Compressed Gases Cylinders that rupture due to rapid increase in pressure may behave as airborne missiles Flammable gases can mix with air, ignite

17. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Transport Vessels Compressed gases, liquefied compressed gases routinely transported within cargo tanks, railroad tank cars Special concern given to situations where containers are engulfed in fire

18. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Transport Vessels

19. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Incidents Involving Release of Compressed Gases Vessels exposed to intense heat are likely to rupture Contact CHEMTREC Determine degree of hazard Use water to cool exposed containers With small leaks, use water fog to disperse gas or vapor

20. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Incidents Involving Release of Compressed Gases (cont’d) Don’t try to move cylinder if concentration of escaping gas or vapor is in flammable range Use total encapsulating suit, self- contained breathing apparatus when moving slowly leaking cylinder Position cylinder so point of leakage becomes uppermost part of cylinder

21. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Incidents Involving Release of Compressed Gases (cont’d) Emergency responders should never approach head or end of tank or cylinder Grounding required to transfer substances between vessels Firefighters in area of leaking gas should wear total encapsulating suits –Use self-contained breathing apparatus

22. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Incidents Involving Release of Compressed Gases (cont’d) Combating major fire involving flammable compressed gas should not be undertaken unless escape of flammable gas from cylinder or tank can be stopped

23. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evacuation With cylinders containing flammable or nonflammable gas, personnel should be evacuated to at least 1000 ft in all directions (2000 ft for public) Tanks require 2500 ft for firefighters (5000 ft for public) Use unmanned monitor to cool tank

24. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Storing Flammable Liquids When not in use, containers and tanks should be sealed to prevent spills or vapor leakage Class I flammable liquids should be dispensed only from containers or tanks that have been electrically grounded OSHA regulates storage of flammable liquids in workplace

25. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Storing Flammable Liquids (cont’d) Allowable maximum volume varies with –Flashpoint of liquid –Manner by which it is stored –Whether storage is indoors or outdoors Courtesy of Justrite Manufacturing Company, Des Plaines, Illinois.

26. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Storing Flammable Liquids (cont’d) Courtesy of A & A Sheet Metal Products, Inc., SE- Cur-All® Products, LaPorte, Indiana

27. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Portable Tanks Closed container not intended for fixed installation possesses liquid capacity of 60 gallons Portable tanks require one or more devices for emergency venting under fire conditions

28. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Storage Within Stationary Tanks Types –Atmospheric tank –Low-pressure tank –Pressure vessel Tank farm: collection of tanks –Containment is provided

29. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Transporting Flammable Liquids DOT authorizes bulk shipments when shipper, carrier have loaded them into transport vessels constructed according to specified requirements that comply with –Certain allowable maximum filling limits –Testing –Maintenance –Marking, placarding –Other requirements

30. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Transport by Motor Carrier Types –Cargo vans Liquids contained in steel drums –Cargo tank/semi-trailer combination

31. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Transport by Railroad Tank Car Types –Nonpressure tanks Outlets, external heater lines located on bottom Valves, pressure-relief devices located on top –Pressure tanks Internal pressure tested to 100-600 psi

32. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Thermal Protection Thermally “insulated” tank cars: constructed so external heat is transferred to contents very slowly under normal conditions Thermally “protected” tank cars: constructed so external heat cannot be transferred to contents under abnormal conditions

33. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Responding to Flammable Liquid Incidents Most serious incident involves release of flammable liquid –And/or ongoing fire impinges vessel Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) –When external heat is applied to vessel, contents produce more vapor, increasing internal pressure, causing vessel to rupture

34. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Responding to Flammable Liquid Incidents

35. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ General Procedures Determine type, amount of flammable liquid –Chemical nature Identify other hazardous materials in immediate vicinity Contact CHEMTREC, National Response Center Select appropriate extinguishing agent

36. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ General Procedures (cont’d) Use water fog to disperse vapors for small spill or leak Cool nearby containers When vapor has not yet ignited, monitor concentration of flammable vapor in air –Use fog to disperse vapors, reduce concentration

37. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ General Procedures (cont’d) Steps to stop leak should be done only when concentration of vapors is outside flammable range Foam may be used to confine flammable vapor Dikes can be used to prevent spread of liquid

38. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ General Procedures (cont’d) Move upright railroad cars from overturned tank cars whenever practical Firefighters should wear total- encapsulating suits, self-contained breathing apparatus

39. Meyer, Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Fifth Ed. © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Evacuation With insufficient water –2500 ft for firefighter –5000 ft for public With sufficient water –1000 ft for firefighters Use unmanned monitors to cool a tank