1. French Wars of Religion: 1562-1598

2. Review: Europe after the Reformation  N. Europe mainly Protestant (Scandinavia / England / N. Germany / parts of France / Switzerland / Scotland)  Religious wars === 100 years!!! Spanish vs. Dutch French Civil Wars Thirty Years’ War English Civil War

3. Review: Warfare in 16 th and 17 th Centuries  Different type of warfare: Larger (often State financed and operated) armies Gunpowder & Siege Cannon – kills at distance – indiscriminately - not as “noble” as one-on-one combat Expensive – so kings must find ways to finance war = increased taxation usually of the lower class  Numerous problems: Religious (Catholic vs. Protestant) Political (nobility vs. ruler; peasant vs. nobility Social (new monarchy vs. feudalism)

4. Henry II & Catherine de Medici  Henry II (1547-1559) – marries Catherine de’ Medici (1519-1589)  1559, Habsburg-Valois Wars end w/ Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis King Henry II accepts Habsburg rule in Italy and Flanders Philip II (Spain) promises to leave ruling Valois family (France) in peace Henry II now turns his focus on the CALVINISTS in France ~40% of French nobles had converted to Calvinism – WHY? Henry II accidentally killed (1559) in a tournament

5. Civil War in France, 1559-1598  3 weak sons & Catherine de’ Medici (nominally Catholic – when it pays to be) Francis II (r. 1559-1560) married to Mary, Queen of Scots! (related to strong, very Catholic, French nobility, the Guise family) Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) Henry III (r. 1574-1598)  Monarchy weak and nobility is strong, so kings try to appease them by promoting religious toleration In northern/eastern France – the ultra- Catholic Guise family (controls Francis II) From central France to southwest corner – the Huguenot Bourbon family

6. Charles IX Henry III Francis II & Mary Queen of Scots

7. Civil War breaks out  1560, at the age of ten Charles IX becomes king of France – his mother is regent Tensions btw. Guise & Bourbon families rages undermining the authority of the king Huguenots take advantage of political chaos & become bolder in practicing their religion 1562 they seize the city of Lyon, force Calvinism on the population and desecrate Catholic churches Francis, duke of Guise retaliates by executing Huguenots found worshipping on his land in Toulouse = 3000 killed in fighting 1563 duke of Guise assassinated by Huguenot

8. Civil War Continues  1572 Catherine & Charles lend military support to Dutch against Spanish in attempts to weaken their rival  Admiral Coligny (Protestant nobleman, who is blamed for murder of duke of Guise) gains influence over Charles IX  Catherine’s dilemma = how to maintain power and quell Protestant/Catholic infighting Marries her daughter Margot to Huguenot Henry Bourbon, King of Navarre, but peace is not achieved because… Marries her daughter Margot

9. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Catherine with House of Guise attempts to assassinate Adm. Coligny - assassination fails so following her daughter’s wedding, August 24, 1572... St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – Catholics attack Protestants – at noon St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Massacre rages throughout France for 3-6 days = 3000 dead in Paris; 10,000+ dead outside of city

10. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

11. War of the Three Henrys  Henry III (1574-1598) – during his reign: Huguenots rebuild their strength & consider Henry of Navarre the rightful heir to the throne Henry Guise (w/aid of Philip II) plans to take the throne  1587 Mary, Queen of Scots executed, Guise family outraged that king Henry III could not stay execution  1588, Henry Guise storms & seizes Paris  Henry III has Henry Guise assassinated(1588) & joins with Henry of Navarre against the Catholic League to retake Paris  1589 Henry III assassinated for his alliance w/ a Protestant

12. Rise of Henry IV  So Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV, the politique (puts state politics before religion) “Paris is worth a Mass” – converts to gain the throne!!! EDICT OF NANTES 1598 – limited tolerance of Huguenots = internal peace Who is Henry of Navarre? What problem did he face as a Huguenot on the French throne? What steps did he take to remedy this problem?

13. Absolutism  Loyal nobility awarded with high ranking political positions and pensions Henry IV of Navarre is credited with one of the basic principles of absolutism. Identify this principle and explain how it would help a ruler better consolidate power around himself or his government.

14. National Treasury and Taxation  Continued to sell administrative jobs to middle-class lawyers – then made them loan him money Because their money was tied up with the plans and future of the king, it was in their best interest to support the king.  Paulette tax = tax on all officials who purchased their political office How did French kings prior to and including Henry IV gain the loyalty of the French nobility? How did his chief minister, the duke of Sully, modify taxation in order to raise more money for the state?

15. Louis XIII  Louis XIII (1610-1643) Renewed religious wars against Huguenots Peace of Ales, 1629 Reaffirms all aspects of Edict of Nantes, 1598 EXPECT for fortified towns