1. Representative Organisms

2. Protists Transport and Excretion: carry out diffusion to get nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell – Once inside the cell, nutrients are moved about by the movement of cytoplasm, called cyclosis. – Sometimes excreted through anal pore Respiration: diffusion through cell membrane Regulation: diffusion Nutrition: Some absorb nutrients through cell membrane; pseudopods surround food and create a food vacuole; cilia sweep food into gullet

3. Protists cont… Synthesis: enzymes to digest food Reproduction: asexual reproduction; conjugation- sharing of genetic material Growth and Development: unicellular organisms grow larger in size

4. Annelid Worms Transport: circulatory system is a closed system, meaning the blood, which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in addition to nutrients, is inside the vessels at all times Excretion: digestive waste through anus; cellular waste through nephridia- excretory organs that filter fluid Respiration: Aquatic annelids often breathe through gills; Land-dwelling annelids, such as earthworms, take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide through their moist skin.

5. Annelids continued… Regulation- nephridia through coelum Nutrition- filter feeders or through single digestive tract Synthesis- creates and secretes a mucus to keep the worm’s skin moist Reproduction: Most annelids reproduce sexually; hermaphrodites; clitellum- bad of thickened segments secretes mucus that creates cocoon around fertilized eggs Growth and Development- multi-cellular; young worms hatch and grow larger

6. Insects Transport: open circulatory system, meaning the blood flows into the tissue and comes into direct contact with all the cells – grasshopper’s blood only carries nutrients Excretion: Malpighian tubules are saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood and then add them to feces, or digestive wastes, that move through the gut Respiration: Air enters and leaves the tracheal tubes through spiracles Regulation: waxy covering on exoskeleton to prevent body loss Nutrition: various mouthparts depending on source of food

7. Synthesis: produce saliva containing digestive enzymes that help break down food; pheromones- chemical signals used for communication Reproduction: Terrestrial arthropods have internal fertilization; Aquatic arthropods may have internal or external fertilization Growth and Development: involve metamorphosis, which is a process of changing shape and form. Insects undergo either incomplete metamorphosis or complete metamorphosis; grow larger by molting (shedding exoskeleton)

9. Amphibians Transport: double loop circulatory system – Loop 1- oxygen poor blood to lungs and skin; oxygen rich blood returns back to heart – Loop 2- oxygen rich blood to rest of body; oxygen poor blood returns back to heart Excretion: cloaca- muscular cavity through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave body Respiration: larval amphibians breathe through the skin as well as gills; lungs replace gills in the adult stage Regulation: kidneys filter wastes; regulate temperature through evaporative cooling and behavioral techniques

10. Amphibians continued Nutrition: tadpoles-filter feeders; adults- mouth  esophagus  stomach  small intestine  large intestine  cloaca Synthesis:Most adult amphibians have skin glands that ooze an unpleasant-tasting and poisonous substance, or toxin. Reproduction: in most species of amphibians, the female lays eggs in water, then the male fertilizes them externally

11. Growth and development

12. Mammals Transport: closed system with two loops- one going to lungs and the other going to the rest of the body Excretion: highly developed kidneys to filter wastes; anus-opening for removal of digestive wastes Respiration: lungs; diaphragm- powerful muscle to lower chest cavity to increase volume Regulation: homeostasis; kidneys

13. Mammals cont… Nutrition: teeth and digestive tract have changed as feeding trends have changed; enzymes in stomach break down food; lining is designed to absorb nutrients Synthesis: Endocrine glands regulate body activities by releasing chemicals called hormones that affect other organs and tissues Reproduction: internal fertilization; The male deposits sperm inside the reproductive tract of the female, where fertilization occurs Growth and Development: specific to the organism