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Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University Arrays are data structures consisting of data items of the same type Arrays are not dynamic entities they remain the same size once they are created they don’t grow or shrink as the program executes
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Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University -45 6 0 72 1543 -89 0 62 -3 1 6453 -78 arr[ 11 ] arr[ 10 ] arr[ 9 ] arr[ 8] arr[ 7 ] arr[ 4 ] arr[ 3 ] arr[ 2 ] arr[ 1 ] arr[ 0 ] arr[ 6 ] arr[ 5 ] Position number (index or subscript) of the element within array “arr” arr” Name of array (Note that all elements of this array have the same name, “ arr” ) First element is at index “0”
![Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University arr[ 11 ] arr[ 10 ] arr[ 9 ] arr[ 8] arr[ 7 ] arr[ 4 ] arr[ 3 ] arr[ 2 ] arr[ 1 ] arr[ 0 ] arr[ 6 ] arr[ 5 ] Position number (index or subscript) of the element within array arr arr Name of array (Note that all elements of this array have the same name, arr ) First element is at index 0](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_2.jpg "Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University arr[ 11 ] arr[ 10 ] arr[ 9 ] arr[ 8] arr[ 7 ] arr[ 4 ] arr[ 3 ] arr[ 2 ] arr[ 1 ] arr[ 0 ] arr[ 6 ] arr[ 5 ] Position number (index or subscript) of the element within array arr arr Name of array (Note that all elements of this array have the same name, arr ) First element is at index 0")
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Declaring Arrays When defining arrays, specify When defining arrays, specify NameName Type of arrayType of array Number of elementsNumber of elements arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ]; Examples:Examples: int c[ 10 ]; float myArray[ 3284 ]; Defining multiple arrays of same type Defining multiple arrays of same type Format similar to regular variablesFormat similar to regular variables Example:Example: int a[ 100 ], b[ 27 ]; CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Declaring Arrays When defining arrays, specify When defining arrays, specify NameName Type of arrayType of array Number of elementsNumber of elements arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ]; Examples:Examples: int c[ 10 ]; float myArray[ 3284 ]; Defining multiple arrays of same type Defining multiple arrays of same type Format similar to regular variablesFormat similar to regular variables Example:Example: int a[ 100 ], b[ 27 ]; CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_3.jpg "Declaring Arrays When defining arrays, specify When defining arrays, specify NameName Type of arrayType of array Number of elementsNumber of elements arrayType arrayName[ numberOfElements ]; Examples:Examples: int c[ 10 ]; float myArray[ 3284 ]; Defining multiple arrays of same type Defining multiple arrays of same type Format similar to regular variablesFormat similar to regular variables Example:Example: int a[ 100 ], b[ 27 ]; CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Declaring Arrays Initializers Initializers int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0 int n[ 5 ] = { 0 } All elements 0 If too many, a syntax error is producedIf too many, a syntax error is produced int n[ 5 ] = { 0, 5, -7, 9, 2, 1, 8 } If size is omitted, initializers determine it If size is omitted, initializers determine it int n[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array5 initializers, therefore 5 element array CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Declaring Arrays Initializers Initializers int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0 int n[ 5 ] = { 0 } All elements 0 If too many, a syntax error is producedIf too many, a syntax error is produced int n[ 5 ] = { 0, 5, -7, 9, 2, 1, 8 } If size is omitted, initializers determine it If size is omitted, initializers determine it int n[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array5 initializers, therefore 5 element array CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_4.jpg "Declaring Arrays Initializers Initializers int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0 int n[ 5 ] = { 0 } All elements 0 If too many, a syntax error is producedIf too many, a syntax error is produced int n[ 5 ] = { 0, 5, -7, 9, 2, 1, 8 } If size is omitted, initializers determine it If size is omitted, initializers determine it int n[ ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array5 initializers, therefore 5 element array CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Example – Declaring and Using Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Example – Using Arrays as Index and Histogram Printing CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Character Arrays Strings are in fact sequences of characters, we can represent them also as plain arrays of char elements. Strings are in fact sequences of characters, we can represent them also as plain arrays of char elements. For example, the following array: For example, the following array: char name[20] is an array that can store up to 20 elements of type char. It can be shown as: In this array, we can store sequences of characters up to 20 characters long. In this array, we can store sequences of characters up to 20 characters long. But we can also store shorter sequences. But we can also store shorter sequences. A special character is used to signal the end of the valid sequence: the null character which can be written as ‘\0’ A special character is used to signal the end of the valid sequence: the null character which can be written as ‘\0’ name Deet\0mDeetFiliz m CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Character Arrays Initializing on declaration: Initializing on declaration: char myword [] = { 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0' }; char myword [] = "Hello"; //initialization by a literal A literal can not be assigned to char array after the declaration: A literal can not be assigned to char array after the declaration: char text[10]; text = “some text”; text = {‘H’,‘i’,‘/0’}; Content of char array can be modified letter by letter after initialization: Content of char array can be modified letter by letter after initialization: char text[30] = "Here is some text!"; printf(“%s\n”,text); text[13] = 'w'; text[14] = 'i'; text[15] = 'n'; text[16] = 'e'; printf(“%s\n”,text); CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Character Arrays Initializing on declaration: Initializing on declaration: char myword [] = { H , e , l , l , o , \0 }; char myword [] = Hello ; //initialization by a literal A literal can not be assigned to char array after the declaration: A literal can not be assigned to char array after the declaration: char text[10]; text = some text ; text = {‘H’,‘i’,‘/0’}; Content of char array can be modified letter by letter after initialization: Content of char array can be modified letter by letter after initialization: char text[30] = Here is some text! ; printf( %s\n ,text); text[13] = w ; text[14] = i ; text[15] = n ; text[16] = e ; printf( %s\n ,text); CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_8.jpg "Character Arrays Initializing on declaration: Initializing on declaration: char myword [] = { H , e , l , l , o , \0 }; char myword [] = Hello ; //initialization by a literal A literal can not be assigned to char array after the declaration: A literal can not be assigned to char array after the declaration: char text[10]; text = some text ; text = {‘H’,‘i’,‘/0’}; Content of char array can be modified letter by letter after initialization: Content of char array can be modified letter by letter after initialization: char text[30] = Here is some text! ; printf( %s\n ,text); text[13] = w ; text[14] = i ; text[15] = n ; text[16] = e ; printf( %s\n ,text); CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Character Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University ExampleExample char string1[] = "first"; Null character '\0' terminates strings Null character '\0' terminates strings string1 actually has 6 elements string1 actually has 6 elements It is equivalent toIt is equivalent to char string1[] = { 'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0' }; Can access individual charactersCan access individual characters string1[ 3 ] is character ‘s’ Array name is address of array, so “&” not needed for scanfArray name is address of array, so “&” not needed for scanf scanf( "%s", string2 ); Reads characters until whitespace encountered Reads characters until whitespace encountered Can write beyond end of array, be careful Can write beyond end of array, be careful
![Character Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University ExampleExample char string1[] = first ; Null character \0 terminates strings Null character \0 terminates strings string1 actually has 6 elements string1 actually has 6 elements It is equivalent toIt is equivalent to char string1[] = { f , i , r , s , t , \0 }; Can access individual charactersCan access individual characters string1[ 3 ] is character ‘s’ Array name is address of array, so & not needed for scanfArray name is address of array, so & not needed for scanf scanf( %s , string2 ); Reads characters until whitespace encountered Reads characters until whitespace encountered Can write beyond end of array, be careful Can write beyond end of array, be careful](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_9.jpg "Character Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University ExampleExample char string1[] = first ; Null character \0 terminates strings Null character \0 terminates strings string1 actually has 6 elements string1 actually has 6 elements It is equivalent toIt is equivalent to char string1[] = { f , i , r , s , t , \0 }; Can access individual charactersCan access individual characters string1[ 3 ] is character ‘s’ Array name is address of array, so & not needed for scanfArray name is address of array, so & not needed for scanf scanf( %s , string2 ); Reads characters until whitespace encountered Reads characters until whitespace encountered Can write beyond end of array, be careful Can write beyond end of array, be careful")
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Example - Character Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Passing Arrays to Functions CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University Passing arrays Passing arrays To pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array without any bracketsTo pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array without any brackets int myArray[ 24 ]; myFunction( myArray, 24 ); Array size usually passed to function Array size usually passed to function Arrays passed call-by-referenceArrays passed call-by-reference Name of array is address of first elementName of array is address of first element Function knows where the array is storedFunction knows where the array is stored Modifies original memory locations Modifies original memory locations Passing array elements Passing array elements Passed by call-by-valuePassed by call-by-value Pass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to functionPass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to function
![Passing Arrays to Functions CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University Passing arrays Passing arrays To pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array without any bracketsTo pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array without any brackets int myArray[ 24 ]; myFunction( myArray, 24 ); Array size usually passed to function Array size usually passed to function Arrays passed call-by-referenceArrays passed call-by-reference Name of array is address of first elementName of array is address of first element Function knows where the array is storedFunction knows where the array is stored Modifies original memory locations Modifies original memory locations Passing array elements Passing array elements Passed by call-by-valuePassed by call-by-value Pass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to functionPass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to function](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_11.jpg "Passing Arrays to Functions CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University Passing arrays Passing arrays To pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array without any bracketsTo pass an array argument to a function, specify the name of the array without any brackets int myArray[ 24 ]; myFunction( myArray, 24 ); Array size usually passed to function Array size usually passed to function Arrays passed call-by-referenceArrays passed call-by-reference Name of array is address of first elementName of array is address of first element Function knows where the array is storedFunction knows where the array is stored Modifies original memory locations Modifies original memory locations Passing array elements Passing array elements Passed by call-by-valuePassed by call-by-value Pass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to functionPass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to function")
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Passing Arrays to Functions Function prototype Function prototype void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize ); Parameter names optional in prototypeParameter names optional in prototype int b[] could be written int [] int b[] could be written int [] int arraySize could be simply int int arraySize could be simply int void modifyArray(int [], int) CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Passing Arrays to Functions Function prototype Function prototype void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize ); Parameter names optional in prototypeParameter names optional in prototype int b[] could be written int [] int b[] could be written int [] int arraySize could be simply int int arraySize could be simply int void modifyArray(int [], int) CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_12.jpg "Passing Arrays to Functions Function prototype Function prototype void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize ); Parameter names optional in prototypeParameter names optional in prototype int b[] could be written int [] int b[] could be written int [] int arraySize could be simply int int arraySize could be simply int void modifyArray(int [], int) CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Example – Array “Name” is equal to &Name[0] CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Example – Array Name is equal to &Name[0] CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_13.jpg "Example – Array Name is equal to &Name[0] CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Example – Passing Arrays to Functions CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Example – Passing Arrays to Functions CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Example – const type qualifier with arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Sorting Arrays CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University Sorting data Sorting data Important computing applicationImportant computing application Virtually every organization must sort some dataVirtually every organization must sort some data Bubble sort (sinking sort) Bubble sort (sinking sort) Several passes through the arraySeveral passes through the array Successive pairs of elements are comparedSuccessive pairs of elements are compared If increasing order (or identical ), no change If increasing order (or identical ), no change If decreasing order, elements exchanged If decreasing order, elements exchanged RepeatRepeat Example: Example: original: 3 4 2 6 7original: 3 4 2 6 7 pass 1: 3 2 4 6 7pass 1: 3 2 4 6 7 pass 2: 2 3 4 6 7pass 2: 2 3 4 6 7 Small elements "bubble" to the topSmall elements "bubble" to the top BubbleSort.c
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Searching Arrays : Linear Search Search an array for a key value Search an array for a key value Linear search Linear search SimpleSimple Compare each element of array with key valueCompare each element of array with key value Useful for small and unsorted arraysUseful for small and unsorted arrays Example LinearSearch.c Example LinearSearch.c CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Searching Arrays : Binary Search Binary search Binary search For sorted arraysFor sorted arrays Compares middle element with keyCompares middle element with key If equal, match found If equal, match found If key < middle, looks in first half of array If key < middle, looks in first half of array If key > middle, looks in last half If key > middle, looks in last half Repeat Repeat Very fast; at most n steps, where 2 n > number of elementsVery fast; at most n steps, where 2 n > number of elements 30 element array takes at most 5 steps 30 element array takes at most 5 steps 2 5 > 30 so at most 5 steps2 5 > 30 so at most 5 steps BinarySearch.c CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Multi-dimensional Arrays Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays of arrays". Multidimensional arrays can be described as "arrays of arrays". A two dimentional (2D) array can be imagined as a table made of elements all having the same data type A two dimentional (2D) array can be imagined as a table made of elements all having the same data type Arrays can be 1D, 2D, 3D or even more... Arrays can be 1D, 2D, 3D or even more... 2D array having size 3x5 has 15 elements2D array having size 3x5 has 15 elements 3D array having size 4x5x3 has 60 elements3D array having size 4x5x3 has 60 elements As dimension increase, array size grows quicklyAs dimension increase, array size grows quickly CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
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Multi-dimensional Arrays Decleration of a 2D array: Decleration of a 2D array: int matrix[3][5];int matrix[3][5]; type name[row_size][column_size];type name[row_size][column_size]; Access to elements: matrix[1][3] = 12; Access to elements: matrix[1][3] = 12; CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Multi-dimensional Arrays Decleration of a 2D array: Decleration of a 2D array: int matrix[3][5];int matrix[3][5]; type name[row_size][column_size];type name[row_size][column_size]; Access to elements: matrix[1][3] = 12; Access to elements: matrix[1][3] = 12; CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_21.jpg "Multi-dimensional Arrays Decleration of a 2D array: Decleration of a 2D array: int matrix[3][5];int matrix[3][5]; type name[row_size][column_size];type name[row_size][column_size]; Access to elements: matrix[1][3] = 12; Access to elements: matrix[1][3] = 12; CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Multi-dimensional Arrays Row 0 Row 1 Row 2 Column 0Column 1Column 2Column 3 a[ 0 ][ 0 ] a[ 1 ][ 0 ] a[ 2 ][ 0 ] a[ 0 ][ 1 ] a[ 1 ][ 1 ] a[ 2 ][ 1 ] a[ 0 ][ 2 ] a[ 1 ][ 2 ] a[ 2 ][ 2 ] a[ 0 ][ 3 ] a[ 1 ][ 3 ] a[ 2 ][ 3 ] Row subscript Array name Column subscript CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Multi-dimensional Arrays Row 0 Row 1 Row 2 Column 0Column 1Column 2Column 3 a[ 0 ][ 0 ] a[ 1 ][ 0 ] a[ 2 ][ 0 ] a[ 0 ][ 1 ] a[ 1 ][ 1 ] a[ 2 ][ 1 ] a[ 0 ][ 2 ] a[ 1 ][ 2 ] a[ 2 ][ 2 ] a[ 0 ][ 3 ] a[ 1 ][ 3 ] a[ 2 ][ 3 ] Row subscript Array name Column subscript CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_22.jpg "Multi-dimensional Arrays Row 0 Row 1 Row 2 Column 0Column 1Column 2Column 3 a[ 0 ][ 0 ] a[ 1 ][ 0 ] a[ 2 ][ 0 ] a[ 0 ][ 1 ] a[ 1 ][ 1 ] a[ 2 ][ 1 ] a[ 0 ][ 2 ] a[ 1 ][ 2 ] a[ 2 ][ 2 ] a[ 0 ][ 3 ] a[ 1 ][ 3 ] a[ 2 ][ 3 ] Row subscript Array name Column subscript CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Array Initialization int a[3][4] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2}; int b[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,0,1,2}}; int c[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6},{}}; 1 5 9 2 6 0 3 7 1 4 8 2 1 5 0 2 6 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 Examples ArrayInitialization.c Examples ArrayInitialization.cStudentGrades.c Unspecified elements are set to zero Unspecified elements are set to zero CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Array Initialization int a[3][4] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2}; int b[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,0,1,2}}; int c[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6},{}}; Examples ArrayInitialization.c Examples ArrayInitialization.cStudentGrades.c Unspecified elements are set to zero Unspecified elements are set to zero CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_23.jpg "Array Initialization int a[3][4] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2}; int b[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,0,1,2}}; int c[3][4] = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6},{}}; Examples ArrayInitialization.c Examples ArrayInitialization.cStudentGrades.c Unspecified elements are set to zero Unspecified elements are set to zero CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Multi-dimensional Arrays (3D) Decleration of a 3D array: Decleration of a 3D array: int cube[4][4][4];int cube[4][4][4]; type name[row_size][column_size][depth_size];type name[row_size][column_size][depth_size]; Access to elements: cube[2][3][0] = 8; cube[0][3][2] = 5; cube[0][1][3] = 6; depth columns rows 6 8 5 6 8 5 CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University
![Multi-dimensional Arrays (3D) Decleration of a 3D array: Decleration of a 3D array: int cube[4][4][4];int cube[4][4][4]; type name[row_size][column_size][depth_size];type name[row_size][column_size][depth_size]; Access to elements: cube[2][3][0] = 8; cube[0][3][2] = 5; cube[0][1][3] = 6; depth columns rows CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University](http://images.slideplayer.com/25/7853083/slides/slide_24.jpg "Multi-dimensional Arrays (3D) Decleration of a 3D array: Decleration of a 3D array: int cube[4][4][4];int cube[4][4][4]; type name[row_size][column_size][depth_size];type name[row_size][column_size][depth_size]; Access to elements: cube[2][3][0] = 8; cube[0][3][2] = 5; cube[0][1][3] = 6; depth columns rows CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University")
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Homework-2 CE 102 Algorithms and Programming KTO Karatay University Write a C program that calculates mean, median and mode of an array entered by the user. Mean – average Mean – average Median – number in middle of sorted list Median – number in middle of sorted list 1, 2, 3, 4, 51, 2, 3, 4, 5 3 is the median3 is the median Mode – number that occurs most often Mode – number that occurs most often 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 51, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5 1 is the mode1 is the mode The program will display the histogram of the array after finding the mode.
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