1. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 4. Visual Sensory Systems THE STIMULUS: LIGHT  the visual stimuli as a wave of electromagnetic energy (fig 4.1a)fig 4.1a  visible range of wavelength from 400nm (blue-violet) to 700 nm (red)  a given light stimulus characterized by hue, saturation, brightness  the source of light by luminous intensity/flux (candela)  illumination – the lighting quality of a given working environment (fig 4.2)fig 4.2  illuminance ( 照度 ), luminance ( 輝度 )  Reflectance (%) = luminance (FL) / illuminance (FC) THE RECEPTOR SYSTEM  schematic view of the eyeball (fig 4.3)fig 4.3 The Lens  corona  pupil  lens (accommodation)  retina  myopia ( 근시 ), presbyopia ( 노안 )

2. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 The Visual Receptor System  the image may be characterized by its intensity (luminance), wavelengths, and size (visual angle)  VA = 5.7 * 60* (H/D)  two types of receptor cells (rods and cones) 1.location – cones for fovea (2°of VA) and rods for periphery 2.acuity – motion in the periphery 3.sensitivity – advantage of rods in sensitivity 4.color sensitivity – rods are color blind 5.adaptation – temporary blindness, glare 6.differential wavelength sensitivity – cones are generally sensitive to all wavelengths while rods are insensitive long lengths

3. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 BOTTOM-UP VS. TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

4. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 DEPTH PERCEPTION  depth cues (fig 4.7)fig 4.7  accommodation, binocular convergence, binocular disparity – inherent in the physiological structure (bottom-up processing)  only effective for judging distance, slant, and speed for objects within a few meters  linear perspective, relative size, interposition, light and shading, textual gradients (density) – based on experience (top-down processing)  motion parallax VISUAL SEARCH AND DETECTION Eye Movements  pursuit movement – constant velocity to follow targets  saccadic movements – abrupt and discrete movements: initiation latency, movement time, destination [dwell: duration (information content, ease of information extraction) and UFOV (foveal region, 2 degrees of VA)] Where’s Wally?

5. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 Visual Search The serial Search Model  T= NT/2  typical search pattern – top to bottom, left to right  random (non-exhaustive) search Conspicuity  bottom-up influence  parallel processing Expectancies  top down processing – based on prior knowledge (experience)

6. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 Detection Signal Detection Theory

7. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 Sensitivity and Response Bias  sensitivity (d’) – how good an operator is at discriminating the signal from the noise  response bias (response criterion, beta) – expectancy, payoff  ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve Interventions  A  C: instructions, incentives  A  B: training, visual template higher sensitivity conservative

8. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학 hue brightness

9. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학

10. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학

11. 산업경영공학과 IMEN 315 인간공학