1. Section 1: Growth of Royal Power in England and France
Aim: How did English kings emerge and through what methods did they begin to centralize?
Do Now:
1. Pass up homework
2. If you became king of an island today, what methods would you use to CENTRALIZE control?

2. Chapter 8: The High and Late Middle Ages (1050-1450)

3. Section 1: Royal Power Grows

4. Medieval Power
Medieval monarchs struggled to exert royal authority over nobles and churchmen
Monarchs built nation-states
Nation-states- regions that share a government and that are independent of other states

5. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society and had limited power
Nobles had as much power as monarchs did in the Church
Both nobles and the Church had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies
Monarchs during the High Middle Ages began to gain more power than the church, they organized government bureaucracies, developed tax systems, and built standing armies
Townspeople supported royal rulers

7. English Kings Strengthen Their Power
A feudal society developed in England
In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward, died without an heir
England decided that Edward’s brother- in-law Harold was to rule after him
But, William the Duke of Normandy of France also claimed the English throne
William was related to King Edward and said Edward promised him the throne
This causes a rival

8. William, Duke of Normandy
William started an army and also gained backing of the pope
William sailed to England
Battle of Hastings
William won, became known as William the Conqueror
Nobles from France dominated England
For the next 300 years there was a blend of French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions

9. William’s Power in England
William wanted to control the land in England
William granted fiefs to the Church and to his lords
He monitored who people built castles and where
He required vassals to swear allegiance to him rather than to their feudal lord
Census called Domesday Book

10. King Henry II English king
Expanded laws and customs and sent out justices to enforce those laws
Common law- a legal system based on custom and court rulings and impacted everyone who lived in England
Local officials collected a jury- a group of men sworn to speak the truth

11. King Henry and the Church
The rules that King Henry brought to England conflicted with the Church
Henry wanted clergy to be tried in courts
Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury opposed this
King Henry had Becket killed

12. Issues With Government and the Church
English rulers ideas clashed with the Church
The Church tried to extend its rights by raising taxes and imposing authority of feudal manors
Henry II’s son was King John
King John had three enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and the English nobles
John lost a war to Philip II and had to give up Normandy
John was also excommunicated by Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III also placed all of England under an interdict- the papal order that forbade Church services in an entire kingdom

13. Magna Carta
Under John’s rule there were oppressive taxes and other abuses of power
1215- baron forced John to sign the Magna Carta
1. Nobles had certain rights
2. The monarch must obey the law
3. Townspeople had legal rights
4. Protections against wrongful arrests
Due process of law
Habeas Corpus

14. Monarchs in France French monarchs did not rule over a unified kingdom
French kings made the throne hereditary
Won support of the Church
Built an effective bureaucracy
The government collected taxes

15. Philip II
French king
Philip paid middle-class officials so that they would be loyal to him
Expanded the land
He had become the most powerful ruler in Europe

16. King Louis IX Louis persecuted heretics
Persecuted Jews and led French knights in two Crusades
Church declared him a saint
Expanded royal courts, outlawed private wars, ended serfdom

17. Estates General Existed in France
Three estates: Clergy, nobles, townspeople
Never gained the power of the purse

18. Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

19. Church Power
Middle Ages- The Church spread its influence and increased its power across Europe.
1077- Conflicts between secular rulers and Church rulers.

20. Pope Gregory VII
Determined to make the church independent of secular rulers.
He banned the practice of lay investiture- when a lay person installed a bishop in office.

21. Emperor Henry IV (Germany)
Angered by Pope Gregory’s actions the two exchanged insulting notes.
How did the pope react?
The pope (Gregory) excommunicated Henry
Henry took revenge on Gregory by leading an army to Rome and forced the pope into exile.
What is the significance of the 1122 Concordat of Worms?
Treaty declared the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.

22. The Height of Church Power
Pope Innocent III- 1198
Why is he considered the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages?
He excommunicated King John of England
Placed the entire kingdom under interdict
Monarchs started to get stronger and centralized their power

23. Section 3: Europeans Look Outward

24. The Crusades What caused the Crusades?
What council did Pope Urban II call after Emperor Alexius I ask him for help?
Council of Clermont
Why did the pope agree to help?
1. Hoped to increase his power
2. Heal schism (or, at least try)

25. The Crusades
What motivated the Europeans to go fight in the Holy Land?
Religious Zeal
Many knights hoped to win wealth and land

26. The Crusades Who was Saladin? Who sacked Constantinople and why?
Muslim leader who had control of Jerusalem
Who sacked Constantinople and why?
Muslims
Why did Europeans lose the Crusades?
Muslim armies overran the crusader states

27. The effects of the Crusades
Economic expansion- how?
Increased power of monarchs- how, why?
The Church- what changed?
A wider world view- how so?
Religious anger turned toward Jews- how, why?

28. The Reconquista in Spain
What was the Reconquista?
North African Muslims (Moors) were in present day Spain
Christian kingdom expanded their borders
The campaign to drive out Muslims from the peninsula was known as Reconquista
What monarchs initiated it?
Ferdinand and Isabella

29. What were the effects of the Reconquista?
Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to bring unity to the diverse people
Especially religious unity
Jews and Muslims were no longer tolerated
What was the Inquisition?
A Church court set up to try people accused of heresy.

30. Section 4: Learning Literature and the Arts
Medieval Universities
Why did they spring up in the Middle Ages? What were their purpose?
Academic Guilds- what are they?
Cathedrals to train clergy
Student life
What was it like to be a student?

31. Women and Education Were women allowed to be educated, why or why not?
Christine de Pizan
Writer born in Italy and moved to the French court
The City of Ladies
Questioned several imaginary characters about men’s negative views on women
What role should women play according to men?

32. Christine de Pizan
“Not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did.”
― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies

33. Christine de Pizan
“How was she created? I'm not sure if you realize this, but it was in God's image. How can anybody dare to speak ill of something which bears such a noble imprint?”
― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies

34. “New Learning” Spread of learning Philosophy Science and Mathematics
Who was responsible for bringing the interest of learning back to the Europeans?
Philosophy
Aristotle taught that people should use reason discover basic truths
Christians accepted many ideas on faith- clash
To try to resolve conflict- Scholasticism used reason to support Christian beliefs
Science and Mathematics
Why did science not make many advancements during the Middle Ages?

35. Medieval Literature Writings began to appear in the vernacular
Literature included epics (long narrative poems)
Spain’s Poem of the Cid
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Dante Alighieri takes the reader through an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory where souls await forgiveness and then his vision of heaven
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb
Characters each have story to tell

36. Arts and Architecture Romanesque Gothic Illuminated Manuscripts
What did it look like?
Gothic
What did Gothic Cathedrals look like?
Why did they have stained glass windows?
Illuminated Manuscripts
What were they and what was their purpose?

37. Romanesque Floor Plans

38. St. Filibert, France 10th Century

39. Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

40. Gothic Cathedral

41. Gothic Floor Plans

42. Canterbury Cathedral, England

43. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

44. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

45. St. Etienne, Bourges, Late 12th Century
Flying Buttress!!

46. Flying Buttress

47. Cathedral Gargoyles

49. Stained Glass Windows For the glory of God.
For religious instructions.

50. The Crucifixion
Giotto
1305
Tempera on wood and ground gold