1. Persons, Minds and Brains
Chapter 7
Persons, Minds and Brains

2. What is a Person?
What is the difference between you and an orangutan?

3. The Concept of Person
Concept of personhood is an essential component of most legal and moral systems because a person is the holder of certain rights and privileges

4. The Concept of Person (con’t)
How are persons and things differentiated?
To regard an entity as a person is to include it as a member of the community of persons, a moral community and to say that that entity is not a person is to exclude them in that community
one problem with a broad concept of person is that it risks overpopulating the world with persons and the problem with a narrow concept of person is that it risks depopulating the world of persons

5. The Concept of Person (con’t)
Locke
defined a person as a “thinking intelligent being, that has reason and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places: which it does only by that consciousness which is in separable from thinking”
thus, the mere fact that that an entity has a human body or human biology does not make it a person
but, this does allow non-humans to be defined as persons

6. The Concept of Person (con’t)
Daniel Dennett
identified six basic conditions of personhood
rationality
conscious mental states and intentionality
being the subject of a special stance or attitude of regard by other persons
reciprocating this person-regarding stance
the capacity for verbal communication
self-consciousness
like Locke’s definition this allows non-humans to be classified as persons and can exclude some humans
two of these conditions are social
in Dennet’s view people do not treat living creatures as persons only after the objective fact of its personhood has been established
a creature’s treatment of it as a person makes it a person

7. The Concept of Person (con’t)
Mary Ann Warren
discussed personhood in the context of abortion and identified conditions
consciousness of objects and events and the ability to feel pain
reasoning and problem-solving ability
the ability to carry out self-motivated activities
the ability to communicate messages of an indefinite variety of types
the presence of self-concepts and self-awareness
a person does not need to satisfy all of these conditions to meet personhood

8. The Concept of Person (con’t)
some argue that Warren’s conditions are too restrictive because they exclude infants, developmentally handicap, and those with brain damage
a response to this may be that these conditions could include the potential for rationality or meeting the conditions
but how would potential for consciousness be established

9. The Concept of Person (con’t)
Annette Baier
is critical of the above theories as they establish personhood as a test that some creatures pass and others fail
says that they often reflect the narrow values of those who design them
in addition, they stress importance of cognition rather than social roles
this implies that people float free of their own history, dependency, mortality and biology
proposes a naturalist view of persons as embodied, interpersonally responsive and dependent creatures
“Persons are born to earlier persons, and learn the arts of personhood from other persons. These arts include the self-consciousness which follows from mutual recognition, along with the sort of representation that speech makes possible…the first persons we recognize as such are those who greet us, call to us, answer our calls. Our personhood is responsive…”

10. Personal Identity
despite the changes that occur most people regard themselves as the same person over time
your past self is not numerically different than your present self just as they are not different in the same way as you are distinct from your best friend
your past self is not referred to in the third person
although their may be qualitative differences between the selves they are still one and the same
questions of personal identity are those that ask what makes you the same you over time
what is the metaphysical glue that holds us together

11. Personal Identity (con’t)
Locke
believed that it was not the body or the spirit that tied us to personal identity
the body changes over time and the immaterial soul is not important
the most important component of personal identity was “continuing consciousness”
the ability to remember, relive, take responsibility for past actions, and to thing of events and actions in relation to the self

12. Personal Identity (con’t)
in Locke’s view you remained the same person as long your consciousness can place you in the past, thereby enabling you to relive the past with some of the same feeling that you had at the time
if there is a break in your consciousness Locke argued that you are no longer the same person
if there are two or more consciousness that cannot communicate with each other then there are two or more people
e.g.: sleepwalking and crime

13. Personal Identity (con’t)
Derek Parfit
argued that what really mattered was people’s survival, or their continued existence, over time, not their identity over time
survival is much less metaphysically demanding a concept than identity because identity is an all-or-nothing proposition and survival is a matter of degree
one degree of you overlaps with another at any or other particular time
these overlaps are psychological links, like memories, plans and intentions

14. Personal Identity (con’t)
this view as strange moral implications
if your current self fades over time then you may not deserve the penalty you received 15 years ago when you were caught vandalizing the school
or a promise you made to a friend five years ago may not be valid today as it was not you that made the promise, it was a past self
if you start smoking now then a decision you make now may affect a future self
also says that the question of whether you are the same person as before cannot always be answered definitely