1. Artificial intelligence and robots Jacek Malec AI@CS Department of Computer Science Lund University jacek.malec@cs.lth.se

2. Plan for today Beginning of robotics Beginning of robotics Beginning of AI Beginning of AI Problems Problems Solutions Solutions Revival of intelligent robotics Revival of intelligent robotics RoboCup RoboCup Other initiatives Other initiatives

3. Beginning of robotics Rossum Universal Robots (RUR): Karel Capek Rossum Universal Robots (RUR): Karel Capek Cybernetics: Norbert Wiener Cybernetics: Norbert Wiener Turtles: Grey Walters Turtles: Grey WaltersAutonomy

4. Beginning of AI Dartmouth 1956 Dartmouth 1956 Sensing Sensing Thinking Thinking Acting Acting SRI Shakey 1969 SRI Shakey 1969 Lots of others Lots of others

5. Flakey, SRI

6. Why don’t we build ”real” robots? Mechanics Mechanics Sensing Sensing Control and actuation Control and actuation Intelligence Intelligence

7. Solutions Distribution of tasks Distribution of tasks Layered, hierarchical control Layered, hierarchical control Hybrid nature of control Hybrid nature of control Faster computers Faster computers Anytime algorithms (better to do anything than to do nothing) Anytime algorithms (better to do anything than to do nothing) Reasoning needs not to be perfect Reasoning needs not to be perfect

8. Kismet - emotions

9. Kismet - emotional expressions

10. What is artificial intelligence Models of human intelligence Models of human intelligence Artificial intelligent creatures Artificial intelligent creatures

11. Robocup - robot football

12. Humanoids play football as well

13. Aibo play football

14. RoboCup FOOTBALL FOOTBALL Simulation Simulation Small size Small size Medium size Medium size Humanoid Humanoid Four-legged Four-legged Humanoid Humanoid RC Junior RC Junior RESCUE Simulation Robots Other contests: FIRA

15. More RoboCup

16. More humanoids

17. Problems Kids easily learn to see or to go Kids learn abstract ideas much later (playing chess, using a map, …) Robots (computers) have no problems with the latter …

18. Seeing is hard Find five positions on the field What do I really see? What do I really see?

19. Seeing is hard, part 2 Find the b/w ball and score a goal

20. Can AI exist at all? Can intelligence be artificial? Can intelligence be artificial? The Chinese room argument The Chinese room argument Can life be artificial? Can life be artificial? At least there are people claiming they do research on that topic! At least there are people claiming they do research on that topic!

21. Rodney Brooks MIT AI Laboratory Roughly every fifty years humanity solves a great mystery of science. We have a chance to solve such a mystery now: How does the human mind work? There are many corollary questions: There are many corollary questions:

22. Brooks’ questions: Where does the mind reside? Where does the mind reside? What is the nature of memory? What is the nature of memory? What are the roles of emotions? What are the roles of emotions? What sort of representations does the brain use? What sort of representations does the brain use? What does our visual system compute? How did evolution shape us? How do we learn? What is consciousness?

23. Keys to intelligence: self-adapting perceptual systems, motor systems and language-related modules self-adapting perceptual systems, motor systems and language-related modules (in contrast to reasoning, planning and knowledge representation) (in contrast to reasoning, planning and knowledge representation)

24. What is intelligence? Can an ant colony be intelligent? Warrior ants > 500 000 ants/colony Temperature control Raids with 200 000 workers Less than 100 000 neurons!

25. Collective intelligence A single ant is not intelligent A single ant is not intelligent A system: more than sum of its parts A system: more than sum of its parts How about brain? How about brain? How about artificial systems? How about artificial systems? Have we chosen the wrong way? Have we chosen the wrong way?

26. Chaos and intelligence Ant colonies are slightly chaotic Does intelligence require chaos? Creativity involves randomness A chaotic mind in a stable world? Can we manage in chaotic world?

27. Low-cost robotics Multitude of cheap platforms Possibility to work with groups of robots RoboCup LEGO technology BASIC-stamp-based systems...