1. Hans Burchard Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde hans.burchard@io-warnemuende.de Numerical model applications to lakes and estuaries with focus on transport and mixing of tracers.

2. Programme 1.Thermohaline circulation & sediment transport in the Wadden Sea 2.Basin-wide mixing in lakes due to seiches

3. www.rapid.ac.uk Wadden Sea … and … thermo-haline circulation?

4. Warming Precipitation Weak tidal mixing: vertically stratified Strong tidal mixing: horizontally stratified LandOcean Downward surface buoyancy flux Estuarine circulation Sea bed River

5. Global ocean: Spatially inhomogeneous surface buoyancy fluxes plus internal mixing leads to global overturning circulation. Wadden Sea: Spatially homogenous surface buoyancy fluxes over sloping bathymetry plus tidal mixing should lead to redidual overturning circulation. But does it really happen?

6. Locations of five automatic monitoring poles in the Wadden Sea of the German Bight, recording temperature and salinity, (and thus density). How can we approach this with observations ? Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

7. Climatology: Salinity difference HW-NW Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

8. Climatology: Temperature difference HW-LW Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

9. Climatology: Density difference HW-LW Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

10. Suspended matter concentrations are substantially increased in the Wadden Sea of the German Bight, without having significant sources at the coast. Why ? Total suspended matter from MERIS/ENVISAT on August, 12, 2003. Implications for sediment transport

11. Model approach: 1. Simulating a closed Wadden Sea basin (Sylt-Rømø bight) with small freshwater-runoff and net precipitation. 2. Spin up model with variable and with constant density until periodic steady state. 3. Then initialise both scenarios with const. SPM concentration. 4. Quantify SPM content for control volume. Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

12. Computer simulations in Sylt-Rømø Bight Wassertiefe Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

13. Surface salinity at high and low water Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

14. Total water and SPM volume With density differences V / km 3 Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

15. Total water and SPM volume Without density differences V / km 3 Burchard et al. (JPO 2008)

16. Sea level rise & tidal flat growth (Danish Wadden Sea) Data and graphics from Morten Pejrup, Copenhagen University

17. Model system based on GETM: NA: 5.4 km X 5.4 km (2D) NSBS: 1.8 km X 1.8 km (3D) SNS, WBS: 600 m X 600 m (3D) Wadden Sea: 200 m X 200 m (3D) PACE project (NWO-BMBF): „The future of the Wadden Sea sediment fluxes: Still keeping pace with sea level rise?“ (2011-2014) Wadden Sea model Gräwe et al., in prep.

18. Sealevel Temperature Sa Salinity Model validation (600 m resolution) Gräwe et al., in prep.

19. Tides in the Wadden Sea (as seen in 200 m resolution model)

20. Wadden Sea model: M 4 tidal elevations (phase and amplitude) as validation data. Gräwe et al., in prep.

21. Sea surface salinity in the Wadden Sea (as seen in 200 m resolution model) Personal communication Matias Duran Matute (NIOZ)

22. Simulation Lake Alpnach (Switzerland) Becherer & Umlauf (2011)

23. Simulation Lake Alpnach (Switzerland) Becherer & Umlauf (2011)

24. Simulation Lake Alpnach (Switzerland) Becherer & Umlauf (2011)

25. Simulation Lake Alpnach (Switzerland) Becherer & Umlauf (2011)

26. Basin-Scale Mixing deep-water average of mixing (depth > 15 m) Becherer & Umlauf (2011)

27. Baltic Sea Tracer Experiment (BATRE) Goal: quantify deep-water mixing in the central Baltic Sea Pilot study for new inert tracer gas (CF 3 SF 5, now standard) 5 tracer surveys within 2 years Mooring arrays and turbulence measurements High-resolution nested 3-D model (GETM) 600 m lateral resolution 200 sigma-type layers (vertically adaptive, Hofmeister et al. 2010) Second-moment turbulence closure model (GOTM, www.gotm.net)www.gotm.net

28. Mixing processes in the Baltic Sea Reissmann et al. 2009 Courtesy Peter Holtermann Principle of basin-wide mixing

29. Investigation of deep water mixing during a stagnation period Reissmann et al. 2009 Courtesy Peter Holtermann Principle of basin-wide mixing

30. Reissmann et al. 2009 Boundary Mixing Internal Mixing Courtesy Peter Holtermann Investigation of deep water mixing during a stagnation period

31. Interior mixing Vertical Mixing Rates Intrusions Boundary mixing Late stage (after boundary contact):  ~ 10 -5 m 2 s -1 Initial stage (before boundary contact):   10 -6 m 2 s -1

32. Numerical Model Results October 2007 January 2008 August 2008February 2009 data model model feels boundary mixing to early Holtermann et al. (submitted)

33. Take home: Differential buoyancy losses (over sloping topography) drive overturning circulation in coastal seas and lakes. This causes net sediment fluxes into the Waden Sea which may explain why the Wadden Sea survived past and may survive future sea level rise. Seiches in lakes and other stratified basins cause boundary mixing typically increases effective mixing by about one order of magnitude. Question: Can we make a 3D model for a deep lake such that we can properly predict the effective basin-wide mixing? For the Baltic Sea this worked (Holtermann et al., in revision), but lakes are narrower and often even deeper.