1. CONCEPT 3: APPLYING THE CHROMOSOMAL BASIS OF INHERITANCE TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF SEX CHROMOSOMES, LINKED GENES, AND RECOMBINED RECOMBINES GENES Campbell: Chapter 15 Holtzclaw: pg 108 - 110 Please do the following activities on the student media (Chapter 15): - MP3 tutor: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Activity: Sex-Linked Genes - Activity: Linked Genes and Crossing Over

2. Learning Intentions Goal: to analyze mechanisms of chromosomal inheritance  You must know:  How the chromosome theory of inheritance connects the physical movement of chromosomes in meiosis to Mendel’s laws of inheritance  The unique pattern of inheritance in sex-linked and linked genes

3. Also:  Lab 3 The roles of segregation, independent assortment, and crossing over in generating genetic variation How to calculate map distance from experimental data  Lab 7 How to use data to determine the mode of transmission and genetic make-up of the parents How to use a Punnett square to verify your conclusions

4. Remember...Chromosome Theory of Inheritance  What is the relationship between a pair of alleles and a homologous pair of chromosomes?

5. Remember...Chromosome Theory of Inheritance  Alleles are located on chromosomes.  The homologous pair of chromosomes code for the same genes, each having one allele. Homologous chromosomes

6. Remember...Chromosome Theory of Inheritance  Since genes have specific locations on chromosomes (loci), when chromosomes segregate and assort independently so do the genes!

7. Sex-Linked Genes  A sex linked gene is a gene located on the X sex chromosome. Would this individual be a male or a female? How do you know? Read pages 109-110 in Holtzclaw

8. Morgan’s Sex-Linked Discovery in 1910!

9. He got a Nobel Prize... He’s kind of a big deal. Thomas Hunt Morgan 1866-1945 The Fly Room!

11. The gene for fly eye colour is found on the “X” sex chromosome!

12. Sex-Linked Genes – Checking In...  Can Fathers pass sex-linked genes to their sons?  For males, do the terms homozygous and heterozygous apply?  Do most genes on the “X” sex chromosomes have to do with sex?

13. Sex-Linked Genes  NO. Fathers pass sex-linked genes to their daughters but not their sons.  NO. For males, the terms homozygous and heterozygous do not apply for sex-linked genes since males only have one copy of the gene.  NO. Most genes on the “X” sex chromosomes have nothing to do with sex.

14. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene  Can you read the number?

15. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene  What happens if you cross a normal female with a colour blind male?

16. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene All females are carriers All males are normal

17. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene  What happens if you cross a carrier female with a normal male?

18. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene ½ females are carriers ½ females are normal ½ males are colour-blind ½ males are normal

19. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene  What happens if you cross a carrier female with a colour-blind male?

20. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene ½ females are colour blind ½ females are carriers ½ males are colour blind ½ males are normal

21. Colour Blindness: Sex-Linked Gene All females are carriers ½ females are carriers and ½ males are colour-blind ½ females are colour blind, ½ females are carriers. ½ males are colourblind

22. Other examples of Sex-Linked Genes:  Duchene Muscular Dystrophy  Progressive muscle weakening, loss of coordination  Hemophilia  Reduced ability to clot blood

23. Try This!  Neither Tom nor Rhonda has muscular distrophy, but their firstborn son has it.  What is the probability that a second child will have this disease?  What if the child was a boy?  A girl?

24. Try This!  Neither Tom nor Rhonda has muscular distrophy, but their firstborn son has it.  What is the probability that a second child will have this disease?  What if the child was a boy?  A girl?

25. Try This!  Neither Tom nor Rhonda has muscular distrophy, but their firstborn son has it.  What is the probability that a second child will have this disease? 1/4  What if the child was a boy? 1/2  A girl? 0, but ½ carrier

26. X-Inactivation  Since females get two copies of the “X” sex chromosomes, they need to inactivate one of them!  Done by adding methyl groups to DNA... Bunches up the chromosome  Happens randomly in each cell when the female is an embryo  Inactive chromosome is called a Barr body

27. Example of X-Inactivation: Calico Cats!

29. The kitten on the left “CC” is an identical clone of the cat on the right “Rainbow”. How can you explain the different colouring? http://scientificcuriosity.blogspot.com/2006/09/that-cute-kitten-is-copycat-or-cc-first.html http://scientificcuriosity.blogspot.com/2006/09/that-cute-kitten-is-copycat-or-cc-first.html CC (copy cat) was born in 2001. She is the first cloned cat.

30. Discuss...  During early embryonic development of female carriers for colour blindness, the normal allele is inactivated by chance in about half the cells. Why, then, aren’t half of female’s colour blind?

31. Discuss...  During early embryonic development of female carriers for colour blindness, the normal allele is inactivated by chance in about half the cells. Why, then, aren’t half of female’s colour blind?  Eye cells must come from multiple cells in early embryo  Having ~1/2 of mature eye cells expressing proteins for colour detection must be enough for normal colour vision

32. Try This!  Handout with questions...  “Sex Linked Practice”