1. ERT 313 BIOSEPARATION ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION Prepared by: Miss Hairul Nazirah Abdul Halim

2. Topic Outline Introduction What is separated in bioseparation? Economic Important in Bioseparation Nature of Bioseparation Basis of Separation in Bioseparation Process Bioseparation Techniques The RIPP Scheme Example of Bioseparation

3. Introduction What is Bioprocessing??? - deals with manufacture of biochemicals - biopharmaceticals - foods - nutraceuticals - agrochemicals What is Bioseparation Engineering??? - Systematic study of the scientific & engineering principles utilized for the large-scale purification of biological products.

4. Particle – liquid separation : 1.Separation of cells from cell culture medium 2. Separation of blood cells from plasma in the manufacture of plasma proteins 3. Removal of bacteria and viruses from protein solutions Solute – solvent separation 1. Removal of a solvent from a solute product (e.g. protein concentration enrichment) 2. Removal of dissolved impurities from a liquid product Solute – solute separation 1. Separation of serum albumin from other serum proteins

5. Liquid – liquid separation: 1. Separation of ethanol and acetone from an aqueous medium (in the manufacture of solvent)

6. What is separated in Bioseparation? Biological derived products can be classified based on: a) chemical nature (Table 1.1) b) application (Table 1.2)

9. Economic Important in Bioseparation

10. Nature of Bioseparation Bioseparation is largely based on chemical separation processes. The separations usually aim to achieve removal of specific components, in order to increase the added value of the products, which may be the residue, the extracted components or both. Bioseparation is differ from chemical separation: 1. biological products – very low concentrations in the starting material 2. impurities have similar chemical/physical properties with the target products 3. Denaturation & degradation 4. Stringent quality requirement for products – therapeutic products should be free from endotoxins and pyrogens.

11. Basis of Separation in Bioseparation Processes FactorTypes of Separation SizeFiltration, Membrane Separation, Centrifugation DensityCentrifugation, Sedimentation, Floatation DiffusivityMembrane Separation ShapeCentrifugation, Filtration, Sedimentation PolarityExtraction, Chromatography, Adsorption SolubilityExtraction, Precipitation, Crystallization Electrostatic Charge Adsorption, Membrane Separation, Electrophoresis VolatilityDistillation, Membrane Distillation, Pervaporation

12. Types of Separation 1.Gas-liquid separation - Absorption 2.Vapor-liquid separation - Distillation 3.Liquid-liquid separation – Extraction 4.Fluid – solid separation – Adsorption, Leaching, Chromatography, Crystallization 5.Mechanical- physical separation – Precipitation, Settling & Sedimentation, Centrifugation, Filtration, Membrane Separation.

13. Bioseparation Techniques Low-resolution + high-throughput High-resolution + low-throughput Cell Disruption Precipitation Centrifugation Liquid-liquid Extraction Leaching Filtration Supercritical Fluid Extraction Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Adsorption Crystallization Ultracentrifugation Chromatography Affinity separation Electrophoresis

14. Common Stage in Bioseparation RIPP Scheme Recovery Isolation (volume reduction) Purification Polishing

15. Typical Operations of Bioseparation Recovery of product – Filtration, centrifugation, microfiltration Isolation of product (volume reduction) – Cell disruption, extraction, adsorption, ultrafiltration, precipitation Purification – Adsorption, elution chromatography, ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, precipitation, crystallization Polishing – Crystallization, drying, auxiliary process, solvent recovery

20. Example: Fractional Precipitation Ethanol fractionation of human plasma protein factors: pH, temperature, ionic strength & protein concentration change cohns method 6: primary means of preparing albumin, γ-globulin, fibrinogen

22. Bioseparation of reagent grade monoclonal antibody from cell culture supernatant