1. MODE 4 OF THE GATS Taking Stock and Moving Forward G. Hultin Caden Corporation S.A. WTO Symposium, 22 September 2008

2. Migration – a growing reality More than 190 million international migrants More than 190 million international migrants Growing 3% annually Growing 3% annually 67 million – displaced by conflict 67 million – displaced by conflict 250 million – estimated effect by global warming by 2050 250 million – estimated effect by global warming by 2050

3. Traditional origins and destinations Source: OECD and UN Population Division statistics Worker migration:

4. …but the situation may be changing Source: Manpower Inc. Borderless Workforce Survey, 2008 Top 10 countries recruiting foreign talent 1.China 2.United States 3.India 4.United Kingdom 5.Germany 6.Japan 7.Spain 8.France 9.Canada 10.Poland

5. Talent in demand in Asia as its labour moves to higher value Annual employment creation Industry abt. 12 million Services abt. 28 million Of service jobs 9% in US, Europe 73% in Asia Source: ILO, Imputation, Estimation and prediction using KILM Data Set

6. Employers cannot find the skills to fill jobs Top 10 most difficult jobs to fill 1.Skilled Manual Trades 2.Sales Representatives 3.Technicians (production/operations, engineering, maintenance) 4.Engineers 5.Management/Executives 6.Labourers 7.Secretaries, PAs, Administrative Assistants & Office Support Staff 8.Drivers 9.Accounting & Finance Staff 10.IT Staff (primarily programmers/developers

7. …and increasingly turn to foreign talent Source: Manpower Inc. Borderless Workforce Survey, 2008 Top 10 jobs filled with foreign talent 1.Labourers 2.Engineers 3.Production operators 4.Technicians 5.IT staff 6.Sales representatives 7.Administrative assistants/PAs 8.Customer service representatives 9.Senior executives/Board members 10.Accounting & Finance staff

8. The majority relocate for jobs of low to medium skills 80% of labour migrants fill jobs of low to medium skill levels Distance that individuals are willing to relocate for work Anywhere in the world 37% Within current country 20% Within hours of current home 19% 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 million 3 2 1 million 16% 14% 23% 47% 53% 41% 7% 22% 12% 11% 24% 35% 27% 6% Source: OECD, Immigrant Populations in the 21 st Century, 2008

9. Self-improvement and career drive white collar worker Top five reasons for white collar workers to relocate Increased pay 82% Career opportunity 74% Better employment 73% Culture/environment 51% New language 47% Source: Manpower Inc., Relocation for Work Survey, 2008

10. …while jobs and income motivate blue collar workers Economic growth job opportunity networks & affinity culture and social distance distance transporation cost life quality security stability self-branding professional develpment income People with low skills People with professional or technical skills environment journey individual Source: Manpower Inc., Latin American Mobility Study, 2007

11. The economic case for migration Jobs go where people are People go where jobs are

12. The policy case for migration Stop trafficking of human beings Stop trafficking of human beings Third largest illegal industry in the world Third largest illegal industry in the world 12.3 million people in forced labour or sexual servitude 12.3 million people in forced labour or sexual servitude Combat exploitation of migrant workers Combat exploitation of migrant workers Host and home country employment agents work to different standards Host and home country employment agents work to different standards Violation of migrants’ fundamental worker rights Violation of migrants’ fundamental worker rights Lack of recourse or grievance procedures Lack of recourse or grievance procedures Align policy with business needs Align policy with business needs Coordination of employment process in host and home country Coordination of employment process in host and home country Simplified and shorter immigration procedures Simplified and shorter immigration procedures Skill assessment and recognition, coming and going Skill assessment and recognition, coming and going