2. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2005 Emerging Biopolitics: Transhumanism vs. Bioconservatism James J. Hughes Ph.D. Secretary, World Transhumanist Association Executive Director, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies Lecturer, Public Policy Studies, Trinity College, Hartford CT James.Hughes@trincoll.edu October 24, 2007 Paris, France

3. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Emerging Technologies Tech that will radically change the human brain: Psychopharmacology Genetic engineering Nanotechnology Artificial intelligence Cognitive science The accelerating convergence of all these “for improving human performance”

4. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Human Enhancement Curing disabilities Health Longevity Intelligence Emotional control Aesthetic expression Spiritual goals Ensuring the best lives for our kids

5. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Why Human Enhancement? Status Quo Bias Would it be better to have…. Shorter lives? More disabilities? Less intelligence? Less memory? Less happiness?

6. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Biopolitical Battlefronts Who is a citizen with a right to life?: abortion, stem cells, great ape rights, brain death, chimeras Control of Reproduction: contraception, abortion, fertility treatments, genetic testing, germline gene therapies, cloning Fixing Disabilities to “Human Enhancement”: cochlear implants, prosthetics, eye and brain chips, gene therapies, cosmetic procedures Extending Life: from treatments for aging-related diseases, to anti-aging drugs and therapies Control of the Brain: Ritalin and Prozac, psychoactive drugs, brain chips

7. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 20 th Century Politics Progressives Conservatives Conservatives Progressives Populists Libertarians New Right Social Democrats Cultural Politics Economic Politics Populists Libertarians New Right Social Democrats

8. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 21 st Century Politics Economic Politics Biopolitics Progressive Conservative Progressive Conservative Cultural Politics Bioconservatism Transhumanism

9. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 BioConservatives Religious Right CS Lewis The Abolition of Man Deep Ecologists, Romantic Luddites Aldous Huxley Brave New World Jeremy Rifkin Algeny Left-wing/Feminist Critics of Biotech Gena Corea The Mother Machine Center for Genetics and Society Pro-Disability Extremists Not Dead Yet

10. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 What is Transhumanism? An intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of transcending the limitations of the human body through applied reason especially by using technology to eliminate aging and enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. Trans-humanists are humanists who emphasize what we have the potential to become through reason.

11. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Diderot – “D'Alembert's Dream” 1769 Mind is not separate from the body/brain Lower animals are evolving towards intelligence Machine minds are possible The self is a fictional aggregate of multiple wills Minds may be deconstructed and rebuilt later Science can bring the dead back to life Human-animal hybrids OK Sexual freedom OK, including homosexuality Denis Diderot 1713-1784

12. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Marquis de Condorcet 1744-1794 Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind Reason liberates from church, authoritarianism, nature Women’s suffrage Opposed to slavery Radical life extension Freedom from work Marquis de Condorcet

13. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Condorcet’s Transhumanism "Nature has set no term to the perfection of human faculties; the perfectibility of man is truly indefinite; and the progress of this perfectibility, from now onwards independent of any power that might wish to halt it, has no other limit than the duration of the globe upon which nature has cast us."

14. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 H+ Regiment of the Enlightenment

15. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Other Proto-Transhumanists HG Wells and Olaf Stapledon (socialists) – portrayed future evolution of humanity JBS Haldane (Marxist), 1923, "Daedalus: Science and the Future“ – in vitro fertilization, genetic engineering JD Bernal (Marxist), 1929, "The World, the Flesh and the Devil” – first projection of cybernetic implants JBS Haldane

16. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 “Trans-humanism” and “Transhuman-ism” Julian Huxley (left humanist) first director of UNESCO "Transhumanism“ "the human species can transcend itself." “FM-2030” (left “upwinger”) popularized term “transhuman” in the 1970s

17. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Haraway’s Cyborg Manifesto Donna Haraway (socialist feminist) A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century (1985) “I’d rather be a Cyborg than a goddess” Response to eco-feminist essentialism

18. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Five Key Contemporary H+ Values Pro-Enhancement Technologies Humanism & Secularism Scientific & Technological Optimism Personhood Ethics Repro Rights, Cog Liberty, Body Autonomy In 2004 Francis Fukuyama declared transhumanism “the most dangerous idea in the world.”

19. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Growing H+ Movement World Transhumanist Association transhumanism.org 30 chapters, 5000 members Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies ieet.org Dr. Nick Bostrom Oxford University WTA & IEET Chair

20. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Growing Diversity of H+ From the March 2005 survey of WTA members Atheist, Agnostic, Secular humanist 63% Spiritual, Buddhist, Protestant, Religious humanist, Catholic, Pagan, Unitarian- Universalist, Hindu etc. 25% Other 13%

21. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Technoprogressivism Core Ideas: Equality and solidarity, as well as liberty Tech needs regulation and universal access “Techno-Progressives” Technoliberation list on Yahoo Groups Institute for Ethics & Emerging Technologies ieet.org

22. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Biopolitical Coalitions H+ Coalition BioCon Coalition A-Technoprogressives B-Libertarian transhumanists Economic Politics Biopolitics Progressive Conservative C A Progressive Conservative B D Cultural Politics Bioconservatism Transhumanism C-Left bioconservatives D-Right bioconservatives

23. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 TranshumanistsBioConservatives Personhood, cyborg citizenship Human-Racism (or Deep ecology) Humanism, reason, individual liberty, progress Sacred taboos, “the natural”, yuck factor, romanticism Risks are manageableRisks are unknowable; Punishment for hubris inevitable; Tech should be banned Central Biopolitical Disputes

24. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Beyond Human-racism… Human-racism = Humanness as basis of rights-bearing Humans have souls or crypto-spiritual “human dignity” Fetus to cremation Embryonic citizens?

25. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 …to Personhood Persons: “conscious beings, aware of themselves, with intents and purposes over time” You can be human and not persons: fetus, braindead You can be a person and not human: great apes, AI, posthumans

26. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 H+ = Radical Human Rights Personhood, not race, gender or species, defines citizenship Citizens have a right to control own bodies, brains & reproduction Goal of governance should be to help each person fulfill her potential John Locke 1632-1704

27. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Technological Self-Determination The right to know how safe and effective technologies are The right to use technology to control our own bodies and minds The right of equal access to technological empowerment

28. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Legitimate Risk Concerns: Safety, Efficacy, Equity Ensure technology is safe and effective Make tech accessible to all

29. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Yuck Factor Stops Critical Thinking Bioconservative risk estimates are grounded in yuck factor so that tech bans seem only logical policy

30. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Pursue Universal Access Defend & expand universal health care Expand access in the developing world Anti-retroviral drugs

31. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Secure the “Longevity Dividend” Multi-national Manhattan project on anti-aging Aubrey de Grey Jay Olshansky

32. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 Tech is not the problem Greed, racism, inequality, patriarchy, authoritarianism, ignorance and superstition are the problems Technology only opens new battlefronts to pursue reason, democracy, equality, and liberty The Crossbow was invented to oppress peasants. But it became the perfect tool for knocking knights off horses.

33. Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2006 For more information World Transhumanist Association transhumanism.org Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies ieet.org Me: james.hughes@trincoll.edu director@ieet.orgjames.hughes@trincoll.edu director@ieet.org