1. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 23 The Beginning of Time

2. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23.1 The Big Bang Our goals for learning: What were conditions like in the early universe? What is the history of the universe according to the Big Bang theory?

3. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What were conditions like in the early universe?

4. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The universe must have been much hotter and denser early in time.

5. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The early universe must have been extremely hot and dense. Insert TCP 6e Figure 23.1

6. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photons converted into particle–antiparticle pairs and vice versa. E = mc 2 The early universe was full of particles and radiation because of its high temperature.

7. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Four known forces in universe: Strong force Electromagnetism Weak force Gravity

8. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the history of the universe according to the Big Bang theory?

9. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Planck era Before Planck time (~10 –43 second) No theory of quantum gravity

11. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. GUT era Lasts from Planck time (~10 –43 second) to end of GUT force (~10 –38 second)

12. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Electroweak era Lasts from end of GUT force (~10 –38 second) to end of electroweak force (~10 –10 second).

13. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Particle era Amounts of matter and antimatter nearly equal (roughly 1 extra proton for every 10 9 proton–antiproton pairs!)

14. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of nucleosynthesis Begins when matter annihilates remaining antimatter at ~ 0.001 second. Nuclei begin to fuse.

15. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of nuclei Helium nuclei form at age ~ 3 minutes. Universe became too cool to blast helium apart.

16. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of atoms Atoms form at age ~ 380,000 years. Background radiation released.

17. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Era of galaxies Galaxies form at age ~ 1 billion years.

18. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23.2 Evidence for the Big Bang Our goals for learning: How do we observe the radiation left over from the Big Bang? How do the abundances of elements support the Big Bang theory?

19. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Primary Evidence 1)We have detected the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. 2)The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements.

20. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. How do we observe the radiation left over from the Big Bang?

21. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The cosmic microwave background— the radiation left over from the Big Bang—was detected by Penzias and Wilson in 1965. Insert TCP 6e Figure 23.6

22. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Background radiation from Big Bang has been freely streaming across universe since atoms formed at temperature ~ 3000 K: visible/IR.

23. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Expansion of universe has redshifted thermal radiation from that time to ~1000 times longer wavelength: microwaves. Background has perfect thermal radiation spectrum at temperature 2.73 K.

24. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. WMAP gives us detailed baby pictures of structure in the universe.

25. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. How do the abundances of elements support the Big Bang theory?

26. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Protons and neutrons combined to make long-lasting helium nuclei when universe was ~ 3 minutes old.

27. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Big Bang theory prediction: 75% H, 25% He (by mass). This prediction matches observations of primordial gases. Insert TCP 6e Figure 23.11

28. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Abundances of other light elements agree with Big Bang model having 4.4% normal matter—more evidence for WIMPs!

29. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23.3 The Big Bang and Inflation Our goals for learning: What aspects of the universe were originally unexplained with the Big Bang theory? How does inflation explain these features of the universe? How can we test the idea of inflation?

30. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. What aspects of the universe were originally unexplained with the Big Bang theory? Insert TCP 6e Figure 23.9

31. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mysteries Needing Explanation 1)Where does structure come from? 2)Why is the overall distribution of matter so uniform? 3)Why is the density of the universe so close to the critical density?

32. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Mysteries Needing Explanation 1)Where does structure come from? 2)Why is the overall distribution of matter so uniform? 3)Why is the density of the universe so close to the critical density? An early episode of rapid inflation can solve all three mysteries!

33. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. How does inflation explain these features of the universe?

34. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Inflation can make all the structure by stretching tiny quantum ripples to enormous size. These ripples in density then become the seeds for all structures in the universe.

35. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. How can microwave temperature be nearly identical on opposite sides of the sky?

36. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Regions now on opposite sides of the sky were close together before inflation pushed them far apart.

37. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Overall geometry of the universe is closely related to total density of matter and energy. Density = Critical Density > Critical Density < Critical

38. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Inflation of the universe flattens its overall geometry like the inflation of a balloon, causing the overall density of matter plus energy to be very close to the critical density.

39. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. How can we test the idea of inflation?

40. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Patterns observed by WMAP show us the “seeds” of structure in the universe.

41. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Observed patterns of structure in universe agree (so far) with the “seeds” that inflation would produce. Insert TCP 6e Figure 23.18

42. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. “Seeds” Inferred from CMB Overall geometry is flat. –Total mass + energy has critical density. Ordinary matter is ~ 4.4% of total. Total matter is ~ 27% of total. –Dark matter is ~ 23% of total. –Dark energy is ~ 73% of total. Age is 13.7 billion years.

43. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. “Seeds” Inferred from CMB In excellent agreement with observations of present-day universe and models involving inflation and WIMPs! Overall geometry is flat. –Total mass + energy has critical density. Ordinary matter is ~ 4.4% of total. Total matter is ~ 27% of total. –Dark matter is ~ 23% of total. –Dark energy is ~ 73% of total. Age is 13.7 billion years.

44. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23.4 Observing the Big Bang for Yourself Our goals for learning: Why is the darkness of the night sky evidence for the Big Bang?

45. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Why is the darkness of the night sky evidence for the Big Bang?

46. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Olbers’ Paradox If universe were 1) infinite 2) unchanging 3) everywhere the same then stars would cover the night sky.

47. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The night sky is dark because the universe changes with time. As we look out in space, we can look back to a time when there were no stars.