1. Lists Ellen Walker CPSC 201 Data Structures Hiram College

2. What is a List (abstract)? Sequence of objects Objects are in order –There is a first object –There is a last object –Each object (except last) has a successor –Each object (except first) has a predecessor List can be changed –Objects can be added (list grows) –Objects can be removed (list shrinks)

3. Some Operations on a List Construct a new list Add an element –Indicate where (beginning, end, middle?) Remove an element –Indicate which one (how?) Find an element in the list Check whether the list is empty or not (etc)

4. List vs. Array List is more general than array –List is abstract, array is an implementation List is more flexible than array –List can grow or shrink; array is fixed size List contains Objects, array can contain base types –Use wrappers (e.g. Integer) with boxing/unboxing in a List

5. List Class Hierarchy

6. Choosing an Implementation Any implementation will implement all methods of the interface (by definition) But –Some implementations might be more efficient at some operations Example: –Removing element from middle of list ArrayList: shift all elements to fill the “hole” - O(N) LinkedList: adjust successor of element before the removed one O(1)

7. ArrayList Implementation The list is stored in an array, which is a private member of the ArrayList (you cannot access it) This array has a capacity When the number of elements in the list exceeds the capacity, the internal array is replaced by a bigger one

8. Constructing an ArrayList ArrayList() –Constructs initially empty list, capacity of 10 ArrayList(int capacity) –Constructs initially empty list with given capacity Example: Both lists are empty (size of 0), but A has capacity of 10, and B has capacity of 5 –ArrayList A = new ArrayList(); –ArrayList B = newArrayList(5);

9. Specifying Element Types Generics - specify element type in //Construct an ArrayList that holds strings List myList = new ArrayList (); //An ArrayList of Circles List myList = new ArrayList (); Without type specification, Object is assumed –Backwards compatible with Java before 5.0

10. Why Generic Collections? Old-style needs casting, compiler cannot check –List myList = new ArrayList(); –myList.add(new Integer(5)); //any Object is OK –System.out.println((String) myList.get(0)); //runtime error: cannot cast Integer to String Generic - Compiler error –List myList = new ArrayList (); –myList.add(new Integer(5)); //compiler error - type mismatch

11. Why Generic Collections? Old-style: Objects must be explicitly wrapped List List1 = new ArrayList(); List1.add(5); //error Generic: Autoboxing takes care of it List List1 = new ArrayList (); List1.add(5); //new Integer(5) created and inserted

12. Adding Elements For an ArrayList –ArrayList rainbow = new ArrayList (5); add (E obj) - adds obj to the end of the list –rainbow.add(“green”); –rainbow.add(“violet”); add (int index, E obj) - adds obj at position index of the list –rainbow.add(0, “red”) –rainbow.add(2, “blue”);

13. Accessing and Changing Elements Use get() and set() instead of [ ] for ArrayLists –More general (works for other list types) Get method –aColor = rainbow.get(1); –for(int c=0;c<rainbow.size();c++) System.out.println(rainbow.get(c)); Set method –rainbow.set(1, “Crimson”);

14. Summary: Java ArrayList

15. More examples What add statements are needed to complete the rainbow? (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) What statement will change “indigo” to “purple”? What will rainbow.indexOf(“orange”) return? What will rainbow.indexOf(“elephant”) return?

16. Application vs. Implementation We now know enough to apply the ArrayList class, but… To really understand an ADT, we should learn about its implementation We will implement classes similar to each of the collection classes we study –ArrayList vs. KWArrayList –LinkedList vs. KWLinkedList …

17. Implementation of an ArrayList Class KWArrayList: simple implementation of a ArrayList class –Physical size of array indicated by data field capacity –Number of data items indicated by the data field size

18. Implementation of an ArrayList Class (continued)

19. Overview of KWArrayList Data Members –Private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 10; –Private E[ ] theData; //array for data –Private int size = 0; //current size –Private int capacity = 0; //current capacity Default constructor –Sets capacity and creates an array for theData

20. Overview of KWArrayList (cont) Public boolean add (E anEntry) –Check if the array is full; if so then reallocate –theData[size] = anEntry; –Increment size Public boolean add (int index, E anEntry) –Check if the array is full; if so then reallocate –Shift elements beyond index to make room –theData[index] = anEntry –Increment size

21. Overview of KWArrayList (cont) Public E remove(int index) –Shift all items after index left by one space –Decrement size –Return the element that was removed Private void reallocate () –Double the capacity –Create a new array of the appropriate size –Copy all the data into the new array

22. Cost of Reallocation Every time we reallocate, we copy capacity entries into the new array (of size 2*capacity) Cost is proportional to the capacity (C*capacity) Since we reallocate only after adding capacity items we have: –Capacity -1 additions (0 extra cost) –1 addition (C*capacity extra cost) Averaging it out, the extra cost is constant per addition

23. Performance of KWArrayList Set and get methods execute in constant time Inserting or removing elements is linear time –What is worst case of removing an element? –What is worst case of inserting an element? (Hint: consider capacity of the list) IndexOf is linear time