1. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary Partnership between Educators and Researchers for Enhancing Classroom Teaching (GK-12 PERFECT) Funding source: National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. DGE-0840804

4. Why Study the Carbon Cycle? 4 th most common element in galaxy All living things are “carbon based life- forms” Chemically versatile: component of large majority of all known compounds (almost 10 million different) Other reasons?

9. NASA: Keeping Up With Carbon pt. 1

14. Biological Pump

16. Seawater Carbonate Buffer

17. Increase CO 2

18. Buffering capacity can become saturated, decreasing solubility of CO 2 in seawater Increase CO 2

19. Take Home Message: The ocean’s ability to dissolve CO 2 is limited

20. Ocean can become undersaturated in carbonate (CO 3 ) Increase CO 2

21. CO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3  HCO 3 - + H + HCO 3 -  CO 3 2- + H + CO 3 2- + CO 2 + H 2 O   2HCO 3 - pH

22. Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O  Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 - CaCO 3

23. Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O  Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 - CaCO 3

24. So why do we care? What do we know that is made of CaCO 3 ? Coral Organisms Corals are made up of individual polyps Polyps form colonies Hermatypic corals build reefs Polyps secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton Zooxanthellae

25. Pteropods Limacina spp. (sea butterflies) Clione spp. (sea angels)

26. Euroceans: Ocean Acidification Video

28. Fate of Anthropogenic CO 2 Emissions (2000-2007) Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS (updated) 1.5 Pg C y -1 + 7.5 Pg C y -1 Atmosphere 46% 4.2 Pg y -1 Land 29% 2.6 Pg y -1 Oceans 26% 2.3 Pg y -1

29. Efficiency of Natural Sinks Land Fraction Ocean Fraction Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS

32. WHY?

33. Partly attributed to 30% decrease in efficiency of Southern Ocean sink. Decrease attributed to the strengthening of the winds around Antarctica  enhancing ventilation carbon-rich deep waters. Strengthening of winds attributed to global warming. Causes of the Decline in the Efficiency of the Ocean Sink Le Quéré et al. 2007, Science Credit: N.Metzl, August 2000, oceanographic cruise OISO-5

34. Feedback Loops

35. Ocean Acidification

36. * *

37. Carbonate Buffer *

38. Warmer Water * *

39. NASA: Ocean’s Green Machines & Keeping Up With Carbon pt. 2Ocean’s Green Machines Keeping Up With Carbon pt. 2

40. Why study the carbon cycle? 4 th most common element in galaxy (wikipedia – cited) All living things = “carbon based life- forms” Chemically versatile: component of large majority of all known compounds (almost 10 million different) Other reasons?

41. Final Thoughts CO 2 is a greenhouse gas –NASA: Striking a Solar BalanceNASA: Striking a Solar Balance Emission of more CO 2 causes ocean acidification Human inputs of CO 2 are measurable The real question is not: “are we adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere?”, but rather: “where is the carbon going?” and “what will be the effects?”

42. Final Thoughts CO 2 is a greenhouse gas Emission of more CO 2 causes ocean acidification Human inputs of CO 2 are measurable The real question is not: “are we adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere?”, but rather: “where is the carbon going?” and “what will be the effects?”

43. Final Thoughts CO 2 is a greenhouse gas Emission of more CO 2 causes ocean acidification Human inputs of CO 2 are measurable The real question is not: “are we adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere?”, but rather: “where is the carbon going?” and “what will be the effects?”

55. Final Thoughts CO 2 is a greenhouse gas Emission of more CO 2 causes ocean acidification Human inputs of CO 2 are measurable The real question is not: “are we adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere?”, but rather: “where is the carbon going?” and “what will be the effects?”