1. AP Biology Discussion Notes Wednesday 01/28/2015

2. Goals for Today Be able to describe how DNA & RNA molecules differ from each other. Be able to name and describe the two major steps of protein synthesis (how proteins are made) Be able to list the molecules & structures involved in Transcription & Translation.

3. Question of the Day 1/28 What do you know about DNA & Proteins? –What is similar or true for both? –What is different?

4. Question of the Day 1/28 What do you know about the relationship between DNA & Proteins?

5. Be Dogmatic! Genetic Information is: Encoded in DNA; Transmitted through DNA Replication (did this!); Transcribed into RNA; this is called TRANSCRIPTION; Translated into Protein; this is called TRANSLATION

6. Importance GENOTYPE becomes a PHENOTYPE Gene Expression

7. Chapter 17

8. Protein Synthesis: The Big Picture

9. Protein Synthesis The first step in protein synthesis involves DNA & a very similar molecule, RNA that is also made of ___________. Before we talk about the individual steps in making proteins, lets compare DNA & RNA

10. DNA vs. RNA DNA & RNA differ from each other in several important ways. See if you can fill in the following chart for DNA

11. DNA vs. RNA DNARNA Full Name Sugar in Nucleotide Nitrogen Bases # of Strands Compliments/ Pairing

12. What is this structure called? Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or ) Sugar ( )

13. RNA Nucleotide – a nucleotide is the three component parts together Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or ) Sugar ( )

14. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid RNA is like DNA except… - it is single stranded - it has uracil instead of thymine - it has ribose instead of deoxyribose Nitrogen Bases Sugars & Phosphates RNA DNA

15. DNA or RNA? How could you tell, what is your evidence?

16. DNA or RNA? It is DNA because there are “T”s in it for Thymine

17. DNA…. what is good for? DNA has 2 major functions in our body: 1.Make more DNA 2.Make Protein

18. DNA holds the directions for protein synthesis Protein synthesis -making proteins Gene section of DNA that carries the code for making one protein

19. Protein Synthesis Gene section of DNA that carries the code for making 1 protein There are thousands of genes on each chromosome. Everything in your body is made of AND by proteins! Ex. Enzymes are proteins!

20. Steps of Protein Synthesis The first step of Protein Synthesis is known as Transcription If you ordered a “Transcript” what would that be? Would it be the same?

21. Steps of Protein Synthesis The first step of Protein Synthesis is known as Transcription 1.DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) by an enzyme known as: RNA polymerase, which builds an RNA strand that is complimentary to the DNA strand.

22. Transcription RNA polymerase, which builds an RNA strand that is complimentary to the DNA strand.

23. Steps of Protein Synthesis If DNA is what is being transcribed, then what part of the EUKARYOTIC cell would this occur in? Transcription occurs in the _____________

24. Transcription – Practice! RNA polymerase, which builds an RNA strand that is complimentary to the DNA strand.

25. Messenger RNA - mRNA The message of mRNA is carried in “codons” A codon is a three base sequence that will code for one Amino Acid (the __________ _______ /________ of ____________. Together the codons in the mRNA strand code for 1 protein (typically hundreds or thousands of Amino Acids for a single protein)

26. Protein Synthesis: The Big Picture

28. Transcription Try to pick out the molecules: –RNA Polymerase – mRNA –Nucleotides –DNA Real Time animation of Trancription

29. Lets Review What process makes an mRNA molecule? What is needed to produce it? What sets mRNA apart from DNA?

30. Steps of Protein Synthesis The next major process in protein synthesis is known as “translation” in this process mRNA is translated into protein. 2.Before translation can happen mRNA must move out of the nucleus ( in ______ organisms) and into the cytoplasm.

31. Messenger RNA - mRNA DNA’s “recipes” are transcribed by the enzyme ____ ____________ to make a molecule of mRNA. mRNA is like a different language then DNA mRNA is the language that the ribosome - (protein building machine) can read.

32. Steps of Protein Synthesis The next step of Protein Synthesis is TRANSLATION If someone asked you to “Translate” something what would that mean?

33. Steps of Protein Synthesis The next step of Protein Synthesis is TRANSLATION 3.Once the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm the mRNA Attaches to a ribosome (our cell’s protein making machine)

34. Steps of Protein Synthesis 3.Once the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm the mRNA Attaches to a ribosome (our cell’s protein making machine) 4.Next a molecule of Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the mRNA strand

35. Anatomy of a Transfer “t” RNA (tRNA)

36. Anatomy of a (tRNA)

37. Steps of Protein Synthesis 4.Next a molecule of Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the mRNA strand

38. Steps of Protein Synthesis 4. Next a molecule of Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the mRNA strand 5. Amino acids are linked together by the ribosome to form the final protein (which is really just a long chain of amino acids)

39. Translation Real Time Animation

40. Protein Synthesis Lets put it all together!

41. Create the mRNA, tRNA and find the Amino Acid coded for on mRNA

42. Protein Synthesis Story

43. Quiz & Quiz Corrections If your quiz corrections were ALL correct, they are in the grade book. If there was anything left to fix, they are not. Double check that your quiz grade and corrections are in if you have finished both.

47. Species of the Day 1/28 Leopard Seal –Hydrurga leptonyx

48. Species of the Day 1/28 Leopard Seal –Hydrurga leptonyx What do you know about the RNA of this leopard seal? (You should have a pretty good list by now, including processes that the RNA is involved in)