2. I. How Organisms Interact
Some interactions among species are the result of a long evolutionary history in which many of the participants adjust to one another over time.
Types of Species Interactions:
1. Predator / Prey
2. Symbiosis

3. -One of the most basic forms of relationships between organisms.
1. Predation – The act of one organism killing another for food.
-One of the most basic forms of relationships between organisms.
-Often characterized by various prey acquisition and predator avoidance tactics.

4. Prey Predators Speed Camouflage Ambush Chemical warfare
Warning colors
Mimicry
Predators
Speed
Ambush
Specialized structures/products
Group/pack hunting

7. Three types of symbiotic relationships
2. Symbiosis- Relationship where species live together
Three types of symbiotic relationships
A. Parasitism- one organism living in or on another, often causing harm
B. Mutualism- two or more organisms living together benefiting each.
C. Commensalism- two or more organisms living together, one benefiting, one neither helped or harmed.

9. II. How Competition Shapes Communities
A. Competition – The interaction between organisms either of the same or different species that require the same resources.
Two types:
1. Intraspecific - Competition
between members of the same species
2. Interspecific:-Competition between 2 or more different species

10. B. Niche – the role or “job” of an organism within its environment.
*Described in terms of how the organism affects energy flow within the ecosystem in which it lives.
* If the resources of organisms with overlapping niches are in short supply, it is likely that their will be competition between the organisms.
*Niche sizes categorized as;
Fundamental Niche
Realized Niche

11. 1. Competition with Limitations of Resources
RESOURCE PARTITIONING

12. 2. Competition without Limitations of Resources
COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION

13. III. Major Biological Communities
Where an organism lives often depends on an areas CLIMATE
CLIMATE -
THE PREVAILING WEATHER CONDITIONS IN ANY GIVEN AREA.
THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT elements of climate are temperature and moisture

15. A. Categories of ecosystems…
1. Biomes
2. Aquatic Life Zones
Biomes:
-Land portion of the biosphere
-Distinct CLIMATE and specific life-forms adapted for life within that climate.

18. Average annual precipitation
15,000 ft
10,000 ft
5,000 ft
Coastal
mountain
ranges
Sierra
Nevada
Mountain
Great
American
Desert
Rocky
Mountains
Plains
Mississippi
River Valley
Appalachian
Coastal chaparral
and scrub
Coniferous
forest
Prairie
grassland
Deciduous
Average annual precipitation
cm (40-50 in.)
cm (30-40 in.)
50-75 cm (20-30 in.)
25-50 cm (10-20 in.)
below 25 cm (0-10 in.)

19. 2. Aquatic life zones:
Marine – those that contain raised levels of salt
(Estuaries, Coastlines, Reefs, Oceans)
Freshwater
(Lakes,Streams,& Wetlands)

20. Body Snatchers