1. ACCG 11900 Introduction to Accounting A
Lecturer - Ian Crawford
Clinics - Fridays, , 0C2
Notices - See Economics Dept.

4. Financial Accounting External reporting/users Legal requirements
Financial information
Annual
Past events

6. Fundamental Accounting Concepts
 Accruals (matching)
 Consistency
 Prudence
 Going concern
 Substance over Form

7. Rules Which Affect Accounts
 Accounting Standards / Accountancy bodies
 Companies Acts / Company Law
 Stock Exchange Requirements
 Audit Reports / Auditing legislation
 Taxation Requirements

8. Forms of Businesses  Business is always accounted for separately
 Sole Traders (single owner)
 Partnerships (multiple owners)
 Companies (single or multiple owners)
 LLPs (multiple owners)

9. Incorporation as a Company
 Limited liability of owners
 Taxation differences (corporation tax not personal income tax)
 Succession and control (company is independent of its owners)
 Greater financing opportunities (e.g. listed companies sell shares to the public)
 Costs of compliance and administration

10. 3 Main Financial Statements
Balance Sheets:
Show: ‘A snapshot of a business at a point in time.’
Show: The net worth of a business.
Net Worth = Owners’ equity.
Profit and Loss Accounts:
Show: The profitability of the business.
Explain changes in Net Worth.
Cash Flow Statements:
Show: The liquidity of the business.
Show: Sources and applications of funds.
Explain changes in cash

11. show them Somerfield accounts explain assets, liabilities point out layout of items

12. Balance Sheets
Show:
snapshot of business at point in time (the balance sheet date)
net worth = net assets = total assets - total liabilities
working capital (= net current assets)
owners’ equity (= capital + reserves)
sources of finance (= owners’ equity + long-term liabilities)

13. The Balance Sheet Equation
Net Worth = Owners’ Equity
Horizontal Format:
Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
Vertical Formats:
1 Fixed Assets + Working Capital - Long-Term Liabilities = Owners’ Equity
2 Fixed Assets + Working Capital = Long-Term Liabilities + Owners’ Equity

14. Discuss pictorial representation, Bristol Industries and Invented Ltd
Point out differences in vertical formats
note horizontal format as example 2.2 in textbook
Explain briefly what each item is
Start talking about differences between company accounts and other business accounts (e.g. proprietor’s capital)
Capital and reserves:
If you don’t know how much was invested or brought forward from last year, and how much is this year’s profit, just use the total figure.

15. Impact of Different Business Forms
The owners’ equity bit at the bottom of the balance sheet changes depending on the business form
Sole trader
no share capital, just capital. No dividends - drawings may be either in P&L or B/S
Partnership
like sole trader, but show each partner’s share separately
Company
share capital and reserves, dividends in P&L

16. Profit and Loss Accounts
Show:
history book of transactions over past period
prepared on accruals basis (matching)
explains changes in net worth from one balance sheet to the next
profit = income - expenditure
income = sales revenue (turnover) + other
expenditure = cost of sales + expenses (+ divs)
COS = op. Stock + purchases - cl. stock

17. Discuss Invented Ltd, esp
Discuss Invented Ltd, esp. with reference to dividends, and net profit/operating profit/PBIT.
Note bank interest (on overdraft) is part of operating profit
Explain idea of depreciation - non cash item

18. Cash Flow Statements Show: Remember:
history book of cash flows over past period
liquidity (without cash, businesses fail)
sources and applications of funds
explan changes in cash from one balance sheet to the next
Remember:
profit is not the same as cash, and cash is not the same as profit

19. Discuss Invented Ltd
note depreciation is added back as it is a non cash item - explain (briefly) what it is (again!)

20. Balance Sheet Examples (remember the impact of different business forms)
A. Dr Seatham Rythe

21. B. Fast and Furious

22. C. Cosmetics Ltd

23. The Ashton Company
This is still a simple example, but notice that there are ‘incomplete records’
This is very common - get used to it now!
Here the only missing information is the retained profit reserve for the balance sheet - we can work it out because we know that the balance sheet should balance
In future questions could be missing figures for sales, debtors, purchases, creditors, etc.
Pay careful attention to the layout

24. How Transactions Affect the Balance Sheet
1. Joe Smith invests £1,000 cash in his new business.

25. How Transactions Affect the Balance Sheet
2. The business spends £100 cash on stock.

26. How Transactions Affect the Balance Sheet
3. The stock is sold for £150 cash.
What would have happened if the stock was sold on credit?

27. How Transactions Affect the Balance Sheet
4. More stock costing £50 is bought on credit.

28. Profit and Loss Account for this Example

29. The Ashton Company Again
We have the opening balance sheet (p.19)
We are told what transactions have occurred over the past period (September)
We have to piece together the new (closing) balance sheet, and the profit and loss account
Remember to distinguish cash and profit

32. Cash Flow Statements Remember, these explain changes in cash
First, calculate the net cash flow from operating activities, adding back non-cash items to operating profit (=net profit=PBIT)
Depreciation is a non-cash item
depreciation is way of spreading the cost of a fixed asset over its useful economic life (application of the accruals concept)
it is deducted from fixed assets in the balance sheet (accumulated amount), and from the P&L account (charge for period only)

33. Go through first example NOTE ERROR RE OPERATING PROFIT!
see corrected version on additional handout
NOTE ERROR RE INTEREST PAID!
Nick’s Newsmart example