Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers

Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers
Course 6292A Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Presentation: 45 minutes Demonstrations: 60 minutes Lab: 30 minutes Module 2 Configuring Disks and Device Drivers This module examines how to configure disks, partitions, volumes, and device drivers to enable Windows® 7 to function as desired. After completing this module, students will be able to: Configure disk partitions on Windows 7 client computers Create and manage disk volumes Manage file system fragmentation and disk quotas Install and configure device drivers Required materials To teach this module, you need the Microsoft® Office PowerPoint® file 6292A_02.ppt. Important: It is recommended that you use PowerPoint 2003 or a later version to display the slides for this course. If you use PowerPoint Viewer or an earlier version of PowerPoint, all the features of the slides might not be displayed correctly. Preparation tasks To prepare for this module: Read all of the materials for this module. Practice performing the demonstrations and the lab exercises. Work through the Module Review and Takeaways section and determine how you will use this section to reinforce student learning and promote knowledge transfer to on-the-job performance. Make sure that students are aware of the additional information and resources for the module on the Course Companion CD.

Course 6292A Module Overview Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Partitioning Disks in Windows® 7 Managing Disk Volumes Maintaining Disks in Windows 7 Installing and Configuring Device Drivers The slide contains the lessons that are included in this module. To introduce students to these topics, review the following key messages: The Windows® 7 operating system simplifies common tasks and leverages tools and skills similar to those used with Windows Vista®. Microsoft is working to help ensure that those devices that worked with Windows Vista will also work with Windows 7. Microsoft has expanded the list of devices and peripherals being tracked for compatibility, and when updated device drivers are required. Microsoft is working to ensure that you can get them directly from Windows Update or from device manufacturer Web sites. Students need to understand how to create and manage simple, spanned, and striped volumes, become familiar with file system fragmentation and the tools used to help defragment a volume, and leave with an understanding of disk quotas. Make sure that the students know the definitions and descriptions for the following terms: Basic disk Dynamic disk Volume System volume Boot volume Partition Disk partitioning Logical Block Address (LBA) These terms are used throughout the module. More information about the terms is included in the Module Review and Takeaways and on the Course Companion CD. In this version of Windows, Disk Management provides the same features you may already be familiar with from earlier versions, but also adds some new features: Simpler partition creation: When you right-click a volume, choose whether to create a basic, spanned, or striped partition directly from the menu. Disk conversion options: When you add more than four partitions to a basic disk, you are prompted to convert the disk to dynamic or to the GUID partition table (GPT) partition style. Extend and shrink partitions: You can extend and shrink partitions directly from the Windows interface.

Lesson 1: Partitioning Disks in Windows 7
Course 6292A Lesson 1: Partitioning Disks in Windows 7 Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers What is an MBR Disk? What is a GPT Disk? Disk Management Tools Demonstration: Converting an MBR Partition to a GPT Partition Key message: This lesson focuses on the two different types of partitions that can be selected when you are adding a new disk and the tools used to manage them. After completing this lesson, students will be able to: Describe MBR-based partitions Describe GPT-based partitions Describe the disk management tools in Windows 7 Convert an MBR partition to a GPT partition

Master Boot Record (MBR) Disk The MBR contains the partition table for the disk and a small amount of executable code called the master boot code. Course 6292A What is an MBR Disk? Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Key message: Disk partitioning is the process of dividing a physical disk’s storage into manageable pieces to support the requirements of a computer operating system. The MBR is stored at a consistent location on a physical disk, enabling the computer BIOS to reference it. During the startup process, the computer examines the MBR to determine which partition on the installed disks is marked as active. The active partition contains the operating system startup files. Discussion prompt: Ask students if they are familiar with MBR and GPT. Explain the characteristics and limitations presented on the slide. Whiteboard: As you explain the characteristics and limitations of MBR, on the whiteboard, start a table to contrast MBR and GPT partition styles. For MBR, add these items: Partition style has been around for a long time Four partitions for each disk 2 TB maximum partition size No redundancy provided Question: What are three restrictions of an MBR partitioned disk? Have you encountered these limitations in your organization, and if so, what did you do to work around them? Answer: The restrictions are that MBR partitioned disks are limited to four partitions, a 2 TB maximum partition size, and there is no data redundancy provided. Is created when the disk is partitioned Contains a four partition entry table Is on the first sector of the hard disk Limits the number & size of partitions

GUID Partition Table(GPT) Contains an array of partition entries describing the start and end LBA of each partition on disk Course 6292A What is a GPT Disk? Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Key message: GPT partitioned disks address the limitations of MBR-partitioned disks. GPT contains an array of partition entries describing the start and end LBA of each partition on disk. The GPT format is specified by the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), but is not exclusive to UEFI systems. Both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows operating systems support GPT for data disks on BIOS systems, but they cannot boot from them. The 64-bit Windows operating systems support GPT for boot disks on UEFI systems. Whiteboard: As you discuss the features of GPT disks from the slides, add them to the table that you created on the whiteboard to contrast MBR and GPT partitioned disks: 128 partitions per disk (this item correlates to the first bullet) 18 Exabyte (EB) partition size (this item correlates to the second bullet) Redundancy Ensure that the students know that GPT-based disks can be implemented on Windows Server® 2008, Windows Vista®, and Windows 7, but not on removable media. Talk about the sectors on a GPT partitioned disk. Describe the protective MBR, the partition table header, the ESP, MSR, and operating system partition. Spend time reviewing the differences between the partition styles that you have documented on the whiteboard. For more information about GPT architecture, refer to the Companion Content CD. Question: How does a GPT partitioned disk on a 64-bit Windows 7 operating system use an MBR? Answer: On a GPT partitioned disk, Sector 0 contains a legacy protective MBR. The protective MBR contains one primary partition covering the entire disk. The protective MBR protects GPT disks from previously released MBR disk tools such as Microsoft MS-DOS FDISK or Microsoft Windows NT Disk Administrator. These tools view a GPT disk as having a single encompassing (possibly unrecognized) partition by interpreting the protected MBR, rather than mistaking the disk for one that is unpartitioned. Legacy software that does not know about GPT interprets only the protected MBR when it accesses a GPT disk. Supports more partitions Supports larger partitions Enhances reliability Supports boot disks on 64-bit Windows operating systems, UEFI systems

Diskpart.exe Scriptable command line utility Create scripts to automate disk-related tasks Always runs locally Disk Management Snap-in Graphical user interface Manage disks and volumes, both basic and dynamic, locally or on remote computers Simple partition creation Course 6292A Disk Management Tools Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Disk Management Snap-in Graphical user interface Manage disks and volumes, both basic and dynamic, locally or on remote computers Simple partition creation Diskpart.exe Scriptable command line utility Create scripts to automate disk-related tasks Always runs locally Use diskpart.exe to convert partition styles MBR GPT Use diskpart.exe to convert partition styles MBR GPT Key message: Two tools used to manage disks and the volumes or partitions that they contain on Windows 7 are Disk Management and diskpart.exe. With either tool, you can initialize disks, create volumes, and format the volume file system. Additional common tasks include moving disks between computers, changing disks between basic and dynamic types, and changing the partition style of disks. Most disk-related tasks can be performed without restarting the system or interrupting users, and most configuration changes take effect immediately. To build this slide: Click to have the Disk Management Snap-in features fly in from the bottom. Click to have the screenshot of Disk Management fly in from the bottom. Click to have the diskpart.exe features fly in from the bottom. Click to have the partition image fly in from the bottom. Describe each tool for the students. Discussion prompt: Ask if any of them are familiar with either of the tools and if they are have them talk about scenarios in which they use the tools. Have they used Disk Management remotely? Describe each of the following new features as they relate to Disk Management in Windows 7: simpler partition creation, disk conversion options, extend and shrink partitions. Show how to open Disk Management, how to start diskpart, explain the DISKPART> command prompt , and how to view a list of diskpart commands by typing “commands” at DISKPART>. Talk about how to create a diskpart script, log results of a diskpart session, and discuss common actions. You do not need to demonstrate these actions in this topic, you will do so in the next demonstration. Discuss what happens when a new hard disk is added and Disk Management is started. Explain that you can switch between GPT and MBR partition styles, but there are ramifications. Make sure that students understand the following before switching partition styles: Membership in the Backup Operators or Administrators group is required Back up the entire contents of the hard disk before making changes Disks must be online before initializing them or creating new partitions or volumes You can only convert from GPT to MBR if the disk does not contain any volumes or partitions Use Event Viewer to check the system log for disk-related messages Point out that students should not use disk editing tools such as DiskProbe to make changes to GPT disks. Any change made renders the checksums invalid, which might cause the disk to become inaccessible. To make changes to GPT disks, use diskpart or Disk Management. Question: What is the effect on existing data when converting a basic disk to a dynamic disk and vice versa? Answer: Basic disks can be converted to dynamic disks without data loss. However, converting a dynamic disk to basic is not possible without deleting all the volumes first.

Demonstration: Converting an MBR Partition to a GPT Partition
Course 6292A Demonstration: Converting an MBR Partition to a GPT Partition Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Your instructor will demonstrate how to: Convert a Disk to GPT by using Diskpart.exe Convert Disk2 to GPT by using Disk Management Verify the Disk Type In this demonstration, you show how to use both the diskpart command-line tool and the Disk Management snap- in to manage disk types. Start LON-DC1 and LON-CL1. Leave them running throughout the duration of the module. Duration - 10 minutes Demonstration Steps - The Companion Content CD also includes these steps. Convert a Disk to GPT by using Diskpart.exe Log on to the LON-CL1 virtual machine as Contoso\Administrator with a password, Pa$$w0rd. Click Start, point to All Programs, click Accessories, right-click Command Prompt, and then click Run as administrator. At the command prompt, type “diskpart” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “list disk” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “select disk 2” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “convert gpt” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “exit” and then press ENTER. Convert Disk 2 to GPT by using Disk Management Click Start, right-click Computer, and then click Manage. In the Computer Management (Local) list, click Disk Management. In the Initialize Disk dialog box, click GPT (GUID Partition Table) and then click OK. Verify the Disk Type In Disk Management, right-click Disk 2 and verify its type. In Disk Management, right-click Disk 3 and verify its type. Click outside the context menu. Question: Which tool do you prefer to use to convert a new disk to GPT, the Disk Management snap-in or the diskpart.exe command-line tool? Answer: Emphasize that both will work, but the students might express a preference. 10 min

Lesson 2: Managing Disk Volumes
Course 6292A Lesson 2: Managing Disk Volumes Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers What is a Simple Volume? Demonstration: Creating a Simple Volume What are Spanned and Striped Volumes? Demonstration: Creating Spanned and Striped Volumes Purpose of Resizing a Volume Demonstration: Resizing a Volume Key message: This lesson focuses on three different types of dynamic volumes: simple, spanned, and striped. The lesson includes information about when to use each type of volume, how to create them, and managing their size as the quantity of data stored on a volume changes over time. Discussion prompt: Quiz the students on the definition of a volume and the difference between a basic and dynamic disk, this was covered at the start of the module and is included in a table in Module Review and Takeaways and on the Companion Content CD. Describe the Logical Disk Manager (LDM) database, including what it contains and how it makes dynamic disks more reliable and recoverable than basic disks. Ensure that students understand that there are more than three types of dynamic volumes; the others are not discussed in this course. After completing this lesson, students will be able to: Identify the properties of a simple volume. Explain how to create a simple volume on a Windows 7 client computer. Describe the purpose and benefits of spanned and striped volumes. Explain how to create spanned and striped volumes in Windows 7 client computer. Describe the need for resizing a volume. Explain how to resize a volume.

Simple Volume Dynamic volume that encompasses available free-space from a single, dynamic, hard disk drive Course 6292A What is a Simple Volume? Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Key message: A simple volume is a dynamic volume that encompasses available free-space from a single, dynamic, hard disk drive. It is a portion of a physical disk that functions as though it were a physically separate unit. A simple volume can consist of a single region on a disk or multiple regions of the same disk that are linked together. Mention only the characteristics of simple volumes as they appear on the slide. Do not include information about creating and modifying at this point as this information is demonstrated in the next topic. However, provide information about when simple volumes are typically created along with the following guidelines: Backup Operator or Administrator group membership is required Use diskpart.exe or Disk Management for creation and maintenance Shrink or extend a simple volume if the file system is NTFS and it is not the system or boot volume. Make sure each volume is assigned a drive letter or mount point. Explain that while more than 26 volumes can be created, no more than 26 drive letters can be assigned. Volumes created after the 26th drive letter has been used must be accessed using volume mount points. Before deleting volumes, make sure that the information on them has been backed up onto another storage medium and verified, or that the data is no longer needed. Sample simple volume scenarios are included on the Companion Content CD. Whiteboard: List simple volume performance information. You will add striped and spanned information throughout the next topics. Describe, but do not demonstrate the following commands: create volume simple, size=<size>, disk=<disknumber>, assign letter=<driveletter>, fs=<ntfs|fat|fat32>, label=<label>. Share the following performance information: For multiple, lengthy, sequential streams, performance is best if a single disk services each stream. Simple volumes are susceptible to static and dynamic “hot spots,” which reduce available storage bandwidth because of load imbalance across the physical drives. When using simple volumes, any physical disk failure results in data loss. The loss is limited to the failed drives. Sometimes, this provides a level of data isolation that is interpreted as greater reliability. Can be extended on same disk Not fault tolerant Volume I/O performance the same as Disk I/O performance Can be extended across disks creating a spanned volume

Demonstration: Creating a Simple Volume
Course 6292A Demonstration: Creating a Simple Volume Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Your instructor will demonstrate how to create a simple volume by using Disk Management and Diskpart.exe. In this demonstration, you show how to create a simple volume. First a volume is created by using the Disk Management snap-in, and then by using the diskpart command-line tool. Duration -10 minutes Demonstration Steps - The Companion Content CD also includes these steps. Create a Simple Volume by using Disk Management If necessary, on LON-CL1 click Start, right-click Computer, and then click Manage. In the Computer Management (Local) list, click Disk Management. In Disk Management on Disk 2, right-click Unallocated, and then click New Simple Volume. In the New Simple Volume Wizard, click Next. On the Specify Volume Size page, in the Simple volume size in MB box, type “100” and then click Next. On the Assign Drive Letter or Path page, click Next. On the Format Partition page, in the Volume label box, type “Simple”, click Next, and then click Finish. Create a Simple Volume by using Diskpart.exe If necessary, click Start, point to All Programs, click Accessories, right-click Command Prompt, and then click Run as administrator. At the command prompt, type “diskpart” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “list disk” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “select disk 3” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “create partition primary size=100” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “list partition” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “select partition 2” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “format fs=ntfs label=simple2 quick” and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “Assign”, and then press ENTER. Question: In what circumstances will you use less than all the available space on a disk in a new volume? Answer: Answers vary, but include partitioning a disk to support dual-boot scenarios. 10 min

What are Spanned and Striped Volumes?
Course 6292A What are Spanned and Striped Volumes? Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Spanned Requires dynamic disks Space allocated from multiple dynamic disks Up to 32 disks can be combined into single spanned volume No fault tolerance No performance improvement compared to simple volumes Can shrink or extend Striped Requires multiple dynamic disks Allocated space from each disk must be identical Well suited for isolating the paging file No fault tolerance Up to 32 disks can be combined into single striped volume Provides for faster throughput Spanned A spanned volume joins areas of unallocated space disks into a single logical disk. Striped A striped volume maps stripes of data cyclically across the disks. Key message: Create a spanned volume when you want to encompass several areas of unallocated space on two or more disks. The benefits of using spanned volumes include fault isolation, uncomplicated capacity planning, and straightforward performance analysis. Striped volumes map stripes of data cyclically across the disks. Create a striped volume when you want to improve the I/O performance of the computer. Striped volumes provide for higher throughput by distributing I/O across all disks configured as part of the set. Whiteboard: Add spanned and striped performance information to the whiteboard and discuss. To build this slide: Click to have the definitions fly out. Click to have the spanned characteristics appear. Click to have the striped characteristics appear. Discuss the definitions of each type of volume. Contrast the characteristics of spanned and striped volumes using the information on the slide. This helps students identify when to use either type of volume. Mention that when creating spanned volumes on dynamic disks, it is necessary to define how much space to allocate to the spanned volume from each physical disk. Also, when talking about the shrink process, note that no data loss occurs; however, the number of disks involved may decrease. If the spanned volume resides on a single disk, the spanned volume is converted into a simple volume. If there is an empty dynamic disk(s) that results from shrinking a spanned volume, the empty dynamic disk is implicitly converted to a basic disk. Talk about how striped volumes are well suited for isolating the paging file. Explain that by creating a volume where PAGEFILE.SYS is the only file on the entire volume, the paging file is less likely to become fragmented, which helps improve performance. Redundancy is not normally required for the paging file. Point out the following differences: When allocating space for a striped disk, the allocated space from each disk must be identical. It is possible to delete a striped volume, but it is not possible to extend or to shrink the volume. Discussion prompt: Ask the students if there have been times when they have wanted to upgrade or in some way alter the configuration of computer hardware or software. Some examples are as follows: When the addition of functionality adds value to your organization When a fault in software, hardware, or the combined architecture results in an application failing When a change in the functionality or role of a server or workstation occurs Make sure that even though other forms of volume management, with different types of fault tolerance and recovery, are not covered in this module, they must be considered during times of change, for example, using RAID-1 or RAID-5 volumes, hardware mirroring, and disk duplexing. Question: Describe scenarios when you create a spanned volume and when you create a striped volume. Answer: Create a spanned volume when you want to encompass several areas of unallocated space on two or more disks. Create a striped volume when you want to improve the I/O performance of the computer.

Demonstration: Creating Spanned and Striped Volumes
Course 6292A Demonstration: Creating Spanned and Striped Volumes Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Your instructor will demonstrate how to: Create a spanned volume Create a striped volume In this demonstration, you show how to create both spanned and striped volumes. Duration - 10 minutes Demonstration Steps - The Companion Content CD also includes these steps. Create a Spanned Volume On LON-CL1 in Disk Management on Disk 2, right-click Unallocated, and then click New Spanned Volume. In the New Spanned Volume wizard, click Next. On the Select Disks page, in the Select the amount of space in MB box, type “100”. In the Available list, click Disk 3 and then click Add >. In the Selected list, click Disk 3, and in the Select the amount of space in MB box, type “250” and then click Next. On the Assign Drive Letter or Path page, click Next. On the Format Partition page, in the Volume label box, type “Spanned”, click Next, and then click Finish. In the Disk Management dialog box, click Yes. Create a Striped Volume In Disk Management, right-click Disk 2 and then click New Striped Volume. In the New Striped Volume wizard, click Next. On the Select Disks page, in the Available list, click Disk 3 and then click Add >. On the Select Disks page, in the Select the amount of space in MB box, type “512” and then click Next. On the Format Partition page, in the Volume label box, type “Striped”, click Next, and then click Finish. Question: What is the advantage of using striped volumes, and conversely what is the major disadvantage? Answer: Performance is the advantage at the potential cost of reduced fault tolerance. 10 min

Purpose of Resizing a Volume
Resize a volume to create additional, unallocated space to use for data or programs on a new volume. Course 6292A Purpose of Resizing a Volume Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Shrink simple and spanned dynamic disks to: Extend the simple volume on the same disk Extend a simple volume to include unallocated space on other disks on the same computer Key message: If you discover that you need an additional volume, you can shrink existing simple or spanned volumes to create additional, unallocated space to use for data or programs on a new volume. Simple volumes can be extended to increase their size. If they are extended on the same disk, they remain a simple volume; however, if they are extended to a second or multiple disk, then they become spanned. If the simple volume is the system or boot volume, it cannot be extended. Talk about what happens during the shrink operation and the requirements to perform this action and obtain the optimal amount of space. Talk about what happens during the extend operation. When extending a simple volume on the same disk, the volume remains a simple volume. When extending a simple volume to include unallocated space on other disks, a spanned volume is created. Discuss unmovable files (the page file or the shadow copy storage area) and what can be done to work around the limitation that they are not automatically relocated. For example, move the page file to another disk, delete the stored shadow copies, shrink the volume, and then move the page file back to the disk. Open an elevated command prompt and type “vssadmin list shadowstorage” to view shadow copy storage information. This is the Volume Shadow Copy Service administrative command-line tool. You do not need to discuss defragmenting now as it is included in a later topic. Remind students to make a backup prior to extending or shrinking a partition or volume. Before shrinking: Defragment the disk Reduce shadow copy disk space consumption Ensure that no page files are stored on the volume to be shrunk

Demonstration: Resizing a Volume
Course 6292A Demonstration: Resizing a Volume Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Your instructor will demonstrate how to: Shrink a volume by using Diskpart.exe Extend a volume by Disk Management In this demonstration, you show how to resize a volume with the diskpart utility; then, you use the Disk Management tool to extend a simple volume. Duration - 5 minutes Demonstration Steps - The Companion Content CD also includes these steps. Shrink a Volume by using Diskpart.exe On LON-CL1, switch to the Command Prompt window. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “list disk”, and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “select disk 2”, and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “list volume”, and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “select volume 6”, and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “shrink desired = 50”, and then press ENTER. At the DISKPART> prompt, type “exit”, and then press ENTER. Switch to Disk Management, and view the new volume size. Extend a Volume by Disk Management In Disk 2, right-click Simple (F:), and then click Extend Volume. In the Extend Volume Wizard, click Next. In the Select the amount of disk space in MB box, type “50”, click Next, and then click Finish. Close all open windows. Note: For more information about diskpart, refer to Question: When might you need to reduce the size of the system partition? Answer: Answers will vary – but to enable BitLocker, a non-encrypted partition must be available. In some circumstances, this might not be present on a computer and reducing the system volume size might prove useful. It might be worth mentioning that fragmentation and the placement of certain types of files on the disks (such as the Master File Table (MFT)) can prevent you from realizing all the available free space as a new volume. 5 min

Lesson 3: Maintaining Disks in Windows 7
Course 6292A Lesson 3: Maintaining Disks in Windows 7 Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers What is Disk Fragmentation? Defragmenting a Disk What are Disk Quotas? Demonstration: Configuring Disk Quotas Key message: This lesson focuses on file system fragmentation and the tools that you can use to reduce it. After completing this lesson, students will be able to: Describe file system fragmentation Explain how to defragment a disk on a Windows 7 client computer Describe disk quotas and how they manage storage Explain how to configure disk quotas to manage storage

What is Disk Fragmentation?
Disk fragmentation is the non-contiguous storage of data on a volume Course 6292A What is Disk Fragmentation? Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Disk fragmentation can: Consist of both fragmented files and fragmented free space Lead to poor performance of the disk subsystem Key message: Fragmentation of the file system occurs over time as you save, change, and delete files. Initially, the Windows I/O manager saves files in contiguous areas on a given volume. As the volume fills up with data and other files, contiguous areas of free-space are harder to find. In addition, when a file is extended, there may not be contiguous free-space following the existing file blocks; this forces the I/O manager to save the remainder of the file in a non-contiguous area. Use the slide to show the process of disk fragmentation, then explain how disk fragmentation affects performance. Each color represents one file and white is free space. The first diagram represents the ideal state of a disk: the three files are stored in contiguous areas and there is no fragmentation. In the second illustration, fragmentation has occurred when file A grew. A portion of data is now located in a non-contiguous location. On the next slide is a diagram that shows how the file data looks after the disk is defragmented. To build this slide: This slide starts with the definition of disk fragmentation visible. To build the remainder of the slide: Click to show what disk fragmentation can consist of and lead to. Click to show a visual representation of an ideal disk and a fragmented disk. Tell students how contiguous areas of free-space are reduced with saving, updating, and deleting files. Discussion prompt: Have the students discuss situations in which they have encountered fragmentation and how it affected the end-users. What were the symptoms that were reported?

Course 6292A Defragmenting a Disk Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Rearrange data and reunite fragmented files Key message: A fragmented disk will negatively impact computer performance. To help reduce the impact of disk fragmentation on disk volumes, including USB drives, Windows 7 continues to make Disk Defragmenter available. Disk Defragmenter rearranges fragmented data so that disks and drives can work more efficiently. Ask students if they have ever needed to place restrictions on users’ disk-space consumption. To build this slide: Click to show the first bullet and click again to show the graphical representation of a defragmented slide. Contrast the fragmented disk and defragmented disk so the students can see the difference. Click to show the remaining bullet points and discuss each. Open Disk Defragmenter. Right-click a volume in Windows Explorer, click Properties, click the Tools tab, and then click Defragment Now. Show the students the following tasks and explain each: Disable automatic defragmentation Modify the defragmentation schedule Select which volumes you want to defragment Analyze the disk to determine whether it requires defragmentation Launch a manual defragmentation Ensure that students know that Disk Defragmenter might take from several minutes to a few hours to finish depending on the size and degree of fragmentation of the disk or USB device and that the computer can be used during the defragmentation process. If students are interested in running disk defragmentation from an elevated Command Prompt, refer them to the Companion Content CD for more information. Mention additional ways to help prevent disk fragmentation: Partition the disk in such a way that static files are isolated from those that are created and deleted frequently (such as some user profile and temporary internet files). Per-user preferences for console files are saved in your profile. As these changes accumulate, they consume disk space. To free that disk space, use the Disk Cleanup feature. Also, mention that in addition to regularly defragmenting a disk, regular backups of data must be made to prevent data loss. Also, administrators must monitor logs in Event Viewer, use Performance Monitor, and Reliability Monitor to help predict and identify the sources of system problems. Scheduled to run automatically by default Can be run from the command-line C:>

A disk quota is a way for you to limit each user's use of disk space on a volume to conserve disk space. Course 6292A What are Disk Quotas? Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Disk quotas help you: Track and restrict disk consumption Proactively monitor available space Determine who is consuming available space Plan for storage capacity increases Key message: With ever-increasing demands on available storage, you must consider methods that can help you manage the storage space that is consumed on Windows 7 computers. Disk quotas enable you to track and restrict disk consumption. You can enable quotas on any NTFS-formatted volume, including local volumes, network volumes, and removable storage. Review the options available when configuring disk quotas. Do not demonstrate setting these options since you will do so in the next topic. Talk about the following ways to streamline quota creation: Export the quota and then import it on a different volume Use Group Policy settings to configure multiple computers with the same quota settings Discussion prompt: Have students brainstorm ideas about how to increase free disk space after exceeding the quota allowance. Question: “How do you increase free disk space after exceeding the quota allowance?” Answer: The following are ideas to increase free disk space after exceeding the quota allowance: Delete unnecessary files Have another user claim ownership of non-user specific files Increase the quota allowance as volume size and policy permits Option Description Deny disk space to users exceeding quota limit Prohibits users from exceeding their quota limit Do not limit disk space usage Enables tracking mode for quota management and does not enforce disk space limits Limit disk space to Enables you to specify a disk space limit for all users, in Kilobytes (KB) through Exabytes (EB) Set warning level to Enables you to configure a warning level at which point a user receives a warning that they are about to exceed their space limit Log event when a user exceeds their quota limit Generates an event in the System log of the local computer whenever a user exceeds their quota limit Log event when a user exceeds their warning level Generates an event in the System log of the local computer whenever a user exceeds their warning limit Quota Entries Enables you to configure specific quota limits on a per user basis

Demonstration: Configuring Disk Quotas
Course 6292A Demonstration: Configuring Disk Quotas Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Your instructor will demonstrate how to: Create a quota Test a quota Review quota alerts and event-log messages In this demonstration, you show how to create and manage disk quotas. Duration - 12 minutes Demonstration Steps - The Companion Content CD also includes these steps. Create Quotas on a Volume On LON-CL1, click Start and then click Computer. Right-click Striped (I:) and then click Properties. In the Striped (I:) Properties dialog box, click the Quota tab. On the Quota tab, select the Enable quota management check box. Select the Deny disk space to users exceeding quota limit check box. Click Limit disk space to, in the adjacent box type “6”, and then in the KB list click MB. In the Set warning level to box, type “4”, and then in the KB list click MB. Select the Log event when a user exceeds their warning level check box, and then click OK. In the Disk Quota dialog box, review the message, and then click OK. Create Test Files Open a Command Prompt. At the command prompt, type “I:” and then press ENTER. At the command prompt, type “fsutil file createnew 2mb-file ” and then press ENTER. At the command prompt, type “fsutil file createnew 1kb-file 1024” and then press ENTER. Close the Command Prompt window. Test the Configured Quotas by using a Standard User Account to Create Files Log off, and then log on to the LON-CL1 virtual machine as Contoso\Alan with a password of Pa$$w0rd. Click Start, click Computer, and then double-click Striped (I:). On the toolbar, click New Folder. Type “Alan’s files”, and then press ENTER. In the file list, right-click 2mb-file, drag it to Alan’s files, and then click Copy here. The remaining tasks are on the next slide. 12 min

Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane.
Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Test the Configured Quotas by using a Standard User Account to Create Files (continued) Double-click Alan’s files. Right-click 2mb-file and then click Copy. Press CTRL+V. In the Address bar, click Striped (I:). In the file list, right-click 1kb-file, drag it to Alan’s files, and then click Copy here. In the Copy Item dialog box, review the message and then click Cancel. Review Quota Alerts and Event Log Messages Log off, and then log on to the LON-CL1 virtual machine as Contoso\Administrator with a password of Pa$$w0rd. Click Start and then click Computer. Right-click Striped (I:) and then click Properties. In the Striped (I:) Properties dialog box, click the Quota tab and then click Quota Entries. In the Quota Entries for Striped (I:), in the Logon Name column, double-click Contoso\Alan. In the Quota Settings for Alan Brewer (CONTOSO\alan) dialog box, click OK. Close Quota Entries for Striped (I:). Close Striped (I:) Properties. Click Start, and in the Search box, type “event”. In the Programs list, click Event Viewer. In the Event Viewer (Local) list, expand Windows Logs and then click System. Right-click System and then click Filter Current Log. In the <All Events IDs> box, type “36” and then click OK. Examine the listed entry. Close all open windows. The discussion prompt, question, and answer are on the next hidden slide.

Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Discussion prompt: Talk about other disk management tools that could be used in an Enterprise network based on Windows Server 2008. Question: Will Quota management be useful in your organizations? Answer: Answers will vary. In most cases there is no need to limit disk usage on computers running Windows 7. However, it might be useful when multiple users share the same computer or when peer-to-peer networking is performed in a workgroup. It is more common to implement quotas on servers.

Lesson 4: Installing and Configuring Device Drivers
Course 6292A Lesson 4: Installing and Configuring Device Drivers Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Overview of Device Drivers in Windows 7 Installing Devices and Drivers Device Driver Management Tools Options for Updating Drivers Managing Signed Drivers Discussion: Options for Recovering from a Driver Problem Demonstration: Managing Drivers by Using Device Manager Key message: This lesson focuses on the device experience in Windows 7. The device experience is designed on existing connectivity protocols and driver models to maximize compatibility with existing devices. Seamless user experiences begin with the ability to connect devices effortlessly. Additional drivers are retrieved automatically from Windows Update, and when appropriate, users are given an option to download and install additional applications for the device. All of this helps reduce support calls and increase customer satisfaction. After completing this lesson, students will be able to: Explain the purpose and types of device drivers Explain how to install a driver Explain the features of the device driver management tools Identify the options available for updating drivers Explain how to manage signed drivers Explain the options for recovering from a driver problem Explain how to manage a device driver by using Device Manager

Overview of Device Drivers in Windows 7
Course 6292A Overview of Device Drivers in Windows 7 Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers A driver is a small software program that allows a hardware device to communicate with a computer. Drivers developed for the 32-bit versions do not work with the 64-bit versions, and vice versa. Device drivers that ship with Windows 7 have a Microsoft digital signature. The driver store is the driver repository. Device metadata packages contain device experience XML documents that represent: The properties of the device The device functions Applications and services that support the device. Key message: A driver is software that allows the computer to communicate with hardware or devices. To build this slide: Click to display each of the bullet points. Use the information below as you talk about each point. Describe each of the following so that students have the background information they need for the remainder of this lesson. For more information about each item, refer to the Course Companion CD. Device drivers – specialized, hardware-dependent software that is also specific to an operating system. 32-bit and 64-bit drivers - drivers developed for the 32-bit versions do not work with the 64-bit versions, and vice versa. You must ensure that you obtain the appropriate device drivers before installing Windows 7. Driver signing - device drivers that Windows 7 includes have a Microsoft digital signature that indicates whether a particular driver or file has met a certain level of testing, is stable and reliable, and has not been altered since it was digitally signed. Driver store - the driver repository that can be preloaded with drivers for commonly used peripheral devices. The driver store is located in systemroot\System32\DriverStore. Use the Pnputil.exe tool to add a driver to the Windows 7 driver store manually. Device metadata packages The Device Metadata System provides an end-to-end process for defining and distributing device metadata packages. These packages contain device experience XML documents that represent the properties of the device and its functions, together with applications and services that support the device. Through these XML documents, the Devices and Printers folder and Device Stage present users with an interface that is specific to the device as defined by the device maker.

Installing Devices and Drivers
Course 6292A Installing Devices and Drivers Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Improve end-user device driver installation by: Staging driver packages in the protected driver store Add to the Driver Store by using the Plug-and- Play utility (Pnputil.exe) at a Command Prompt ü Key message: When you install a new device, typically Windows 7 recognizes and configures it by using Plug and Play. The success of driver installation depends on whether the device is supported by a driver package included with Windows or available on Windows Update and when the user has media with the driver package provided by the vendor. At a high level, discuss how the following actions helps improve the user experience and reduce help desk support costs by allowing standard users to install approved driver packages without requiring additional permissions or the assistance of an administrator: Staging driver packages Configuring client computers to automatically search a specified list of folders when a new device is attached to the computer Rebooting the system is rarely necessary when installing Plug and Play devices or software applications These features also help increase computer security by ensuring that standard users can only install driver packages that you authorize and trust. Discuss the device configuration and driver information requirements that must be met. Walk through the driver detection process including digital signature validation and how Plug and Play queries the device for identification strings and searches the driver store for a driver package that matches the identification strings and what happens if a matching package is not found in the driver store. Describe the Pnputil.exe tool. Mention that it must be run from an elevated command prompt. Two common parameters are “-a” to add a driver, and “-e” to enumerate through the list of drivers in the driver store. Also mention that drivers are renamed to “oem*.inf” when they are added, provide an example. Discuss the difference between disconnecting a device, disabling the driver, and deleting a driver. Non-Plug and Play Devices Talk briefly about Non-Plug and Play devices including the following: The devices are becoming increasingly rare The devices are installed and configured in Device Manager Users need to carefully research changes to the startup type and resource settings Implementers must use the informational materials that accompanied the device and the Device Manager Help Question: What are the steps to install a driver in the driver store by using the Pnputil.exe tool? Answer: The steps are as follows: Identify the name of the device driver. Start the Pnputil.exe tool from an elevated command prompt. Use the –a parameter along with the path to the driver and name of the driver to perform the addition to the driver store. Make note of the newly assigned driver name, including the number. Configuring client computers to automatically search a specified list of folders Search folders specified by the DevicePath registry entry ü

Device Driver Management Tools
Course 6292A Device Driver Management Tools Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Devices and Printers Provides a place to manage devices Devices that display in this location are usually external devices that you connect or disconnect from the computer through a port or network connection Device Stage™ Provides users with a way to access devices and advanced options for managing them Devices in use are shown on the taskbar with a photo-realistic icon Device Manager Helps install and update drivers for hardware devices, change the hardware settings for those devices, and troubleshoot problems Use Device Manager to manage devices only on a local computer Device Manager Device Stage Devices and Printers Key message: There are several areas in Windows 7 where you can manage devices and their related drivers including Device Manager, Devices and Printers, Device Stage, and the Pnputil tool run from an elevated command prompt. To build this slide: Click to show Device Manager Click to show Devices and Printers Click to show a photo realistic image in Device Stage™ Click to show all images at one time Talk about each of these areas in turn, describe the tasks that can be performed in each area or tool: Device Manager helps you install and update the drivers for hardware devices, change the hardware settings for those devices, and troubleshoot problems by updating a driver or rolling it back. You can use Device Manager to manage devices only on a local computer. On a remote computer, Device Manager works in read-only mode, allowing you to view, but not change, the hardware configuration of that computer. Device Manager is accessible in the All Items category in Control Panel. The Devices and Printers category in Control Panel provides a single place to access and interact with connected and wireless devices. Wizards guide you through the setup process which reduces complex configuration tasks. Windows 7 recognizes new devices and attempts to automatically download and install any drivers required for that device. Have the students discuss common devices that they see in this location. Also contrast how a multifunction device displays differently in Device Manager and Devices and Printers. Device Stage provides users with a new way to access devices and advanced options for managing them. Devices in use are shown on the taskbar with a photo-realistic icon. This taskbar icon can include quick access to common device tasks; status indicators that let users quickly discern battery status, device synchronization status, remaining storage capacity, and so on. Pnputil tool is run from an elevated command prompt and was discussed previously. Review as needed. If you have an internet connection, show the list of the Device Stage experiences found at the following location:

Options for Updating Drivers
Course 6292A Options for Updating Drivers Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Dynamic Update Windows Update™ Manufacturer’s media or Web site Device Manager Compatibility Report Works with Windows Update to download critical fixes and device drivers required for the setup process Key message: Dynamic Update is a feature that works with Windows Update™ to download any critical fixes and device drivers that are required for the setup process. When updated device drivers are required, Microsoft is working to ensure that you can get them directly from Windows Update or through links to driver downloads on device manufacturer Web sites. Mention that students can use Device Manager to manually update drivers. Also talk about the “load driver” feature that is provided so that, if an upgrade is blocked due to incompatible or missing drivers that are required for the system to boot, you can load a new or updated driver from the Compatibility Report and continue with the upgrade. Use the information on the slide to describe ways to update drivers. Delivers software updates and drivers, and provides automatic updating options Use the media or browse to the device manufacturer’s Web site to obtain an updated driver Updates the driver software for the device manually Use this report to load a new or updated driver during an upgrade

Managing Signed Drivers
Course 6292A Managing Signed Drivers Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Benefits of signing and staging driver packages Maintaining signed drivers Improved security Reduced support costs Better user experience Key message: Because device drivers run with system-level privileges and can access anything on the computer, it is critical to trust device drivers that are installed. Digital signatures allow administrators and end users who are installing Windows-based software to know that a legitimate publisher has provided the software package. A device driver that includes an electronic security mark indicating the publisher of the software and that the original contents of the driver package are unchanged. Discuss the two main principles of trust where authenticity conveys a guarantee that the package came from its claimed source and integrity conveys an assurance that the package is completely intact and has not been modified after its release. Describe a signed driver and talk about each of the benefits of signing and staging driver packages, improved security, reduced support costs, and better user experience. Talk about the store for digital certifications and that Group Policy allows you to have the certificate automatically installed to all managed computers in a domain, organizational unit, or site. Make sure students know what the Sigverf.exe tool is used for. Show them the results of the driverquery command if there is interest. Use Sigverif.exe to check for unsigned device drivers Use a Command Prompt to run the driverquery command with the /si switch to obtain a basic list of signed and unsigned device drivers Use Group Policy to deploy certificates to client computers

Discussion: Options for Recovering from a Driver Problem
Course 6292A Discussion: Options for Recovering from a Driver Problem Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers How often have new devices and their associated drivers introduced reliability problems on computers that you manage? What are possible ways of recovering from a driver problem? Describe a situation in which you might use each recovery method to resolve a driver problem. Key message: If you have a hardware problem, it can be caused by hardware or a device driver. Fortunately, the process to update device drivers to a newer version is straightforward. Alternatively, device drivers can be rolled back to an older version, or reinstalled. Troubleshooting hardware problems often starts by troubleshooting device drivers. To identify a device driver problem, answer the following questions: Did you recently upgrade the device driver or other software related to the hardware? If so, roll back the device driver to the previous version. Are you experiencing occasional problems, or is the hardware not compatible with the current version of Windows? If so, upgrade the device driver. Did the hardware suddenly stop working? If so, upgrade the device driver. If that does not solve the problem, reinstall the device. If the problem continues, try troubleshooting the hardware problem. Ask students the following questions: How many times have new devices and their associated drivers introduced reliability problems on computers that you manage? What are possible ways of recovering from a driver problem? Describe a situation in which you might use each recovery method to resolve a driver problem. Possible answers are roll back the driver and perform a System Restore. Tell the students that keeping drivers current is critical to efficient performance. A newer version of a device driver often adds functionality and fixes problems that were discovered in earlier versions; many hardware problems can be resolved by installing updated device drivers. Also, device driver updates often help resolve security problems and improve performance. If the updated device driver is not available through Windows Update, find the latest version of the device driver by visiting the computer manufacturer’s Web site for an updated driver, visiting the hardware manufacturer’s Web site, or searching the Web using the device name. Talk about driver maintenance that can be performed in Device Manager, such as updating driver software, rolling back drivers, viewing driver status. Point out that rolling back a driver can cause the loss of new functionality, and can reintroduce problems that were addressed with the newer version. Also mention that in certain circumstances the Roll Back Driver button is not available. It is only present if a previous version of the driver was installed. If the current driver for the device is the only one that was ever installed on this computer, then the Roll Back Driver button is not enabled. Inform the students that after a device or driver is updated, it is rare that the computer may not start. This problem may occur in the following situations: The new device or the driver causes conflicts with other drivers that are installed on the computer. A hardware-specific issue occurs. The driver that is installed is damaged. In these types of situations, System Restore or the Last Known Good Configuration can be used to resolve the problem. 15 min

Demonstration: Managing Drivers by Using Device Manager
Course 6292A Demonstration: Managing Drivers by Using Device Manager Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Your instructor will demonstrate how to: Update a device driver Rollback the driver In this demonstration, you show how to update a device driver, and then rollback that driver update. This demonstration requires two machine restarts. Duration - 12 minutes Demonstration Steps - The Companion Content CD also includes these steps. Update a Device Driver On LON-CL1 click Start, right-click Computer and then click Manage. In Computer Management, click Device Manager. Expand Keyboards, right-click Standard PS/2 Keyboard, and then click Update Driver Software. In the Update Driver Software – Standard PS/2 Keyboard dialog box, click Browse my computer for driver software. On the Browse for driver software on your computer page, click Let me pick from a list of device drivers on my computer. In the Show compatible hardware list, click PC/AT Enhanced PS/2 Keyboard (101/102 Key) and then click Next. Click Close. In the System Settings Change dialog box, click Yes to restart the computer. The next task is on the next slide. 12 min

Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Rollback a Device Driver Log on to the LON-CL1 virtual machine as Contoso\Administrator with a password of Pa$$w0rd. Click Start, right-click Computer, and then click Manage. In Computer Management, click Device Manager. Expand Keyboards, right-click PC/AT Enhanced PS/2 Keyboard (101/102 Key) and then click Properties. In the PC/AT Enhanced PS/2 Keyboard (101/102 Key) Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab. Click Roll Back Driver. In the Driver Package rollback dialog box, click Yes. Click Close, and then in the System Settings Change dialog box, click Yes to restart the computer. Expand Keyboards and then click Standard PS/2 Keyboard. Verify that you have successfully rolled back the driver. Close Computer Management. Question: If your computer does not startup normally due a device driver issue, what options are there for performing driver roll back? Answer: Try starting into Safe mode and then rolling the driver back.

Lab: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers
Course 6292A Lab: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Exercise 1: Configuring Disks Exercise 2: Configuring Disk Quotas Exercise 3: Updating a Device Driver In this lab, students perform typical post-installation maintenance tasks: Adding and configuring disks and volumes Updating and maintaining device drivers Exercise 1 In this exercise, students create and manage volumes on two newly installed hard disks. Exercise 2 In this exercise, students configure a disk quota on one of the new volumes. Students enforce a quota limit, and then logon as a standard user to test the quota limit. Exercise 3 In this exercise, students update a device driver, and then rollback that update. Before students begin the lab, read the scenario associated with each exercise out loud. This will reinforce the broad issue that the students are troubleshooting and will help to facilitate the lab discussion at the end of the module. Remind the students to complete the discussion questions after the last lab exercise. Note: The lab exercise answer keys are provided on the Course Companion CD. To access the answer key, click the link located at the bottom of the relevant lab exercise page. Logon information Virtual machine LON-DC1 LON-CL1 User name Contoso\Administrator Password Pa$$w0rd Estimated time: 30 minutes

Course 6292A Lab Scenario Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers A Windows 7 computer is used for rendering large engineering drawings. It requires expanded disk space and fast disks. Initially a simple volume is requested, but then an application requires a separate drive letter and the simple volume must be shrunk. Then, more disk space is required, so a spanned volume is created. Finally, a striped volume is created to enhance performance. Some of the employees at the engineering company work on a shift basis. Disk quotas need to be created for people who share computers on a shift basis and to see which user is using how much disk space allocated. As the volume of work increases, some of the devices are not functioning as required. Your task is to perform an update of the drivers for those devices. Use the following information as needed to describe specific scenarios for each exercise. This information is also included in the student handbook. Exercise 1: The Contoso Corporation is implementing Windows 7 desktops throughout their organization. You are a help-desk technician in the Contoso Corporation. Amy Rusko is the Production manager for Contoso in the UK. One Production department computer is used for rendering large engineering drawings. It requires expanded disk space and fast disks. Initially a simple volume is requested, but then an application requires a separate drive letter and the simple volume must be shrunk. Then, more disk space is required, so a spanned volume is created. Finally, a striped volume is created to enhance performance. Exercise 2: Amy has also requested your help in establishing Disk quotas for people who share computers on a shift basis. These quotas must limit the amount of disk space used, and also generate an alert when users approach the limit. Exercise 3: On one of Amy’s departmental computers, one of the devices is not functioning as required and your task is to perform an update of the drivers for that device.

Course 6292A Lab Review Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers In Exercise 1, you used the assign command in diskpart to assign a drive letter to a newly created volume. Instead of assigning a drive letter, what else could you do? In Exercise 2, you used local disk quotas to manage disk consumption. Although this is a useful local management tool, in an enterprise network based on Windows Server® 2008, what other disk space management tools could you use? In Exercise 3, you used driver roll back to reverse a driver update you made. If your computer will not start properly, how can you address a driver-related problem? Students can mount the volume into an empty folder on an existing NTFS volume. The advantage of this is that it enables you to circumvent the 26 driver letter limitation imposed by the alphabet. The File Server Resource Manager File Services role enables you to manage disk quotas, and in addition provides quota templates, file screens, and storage reporting facilities. You can start the computer in Safe Mode, and then access Device Manager to use the driver roll back feature. Alternatively, if that is unsuccessful, you might use Windows RE to attempt to resolve the problem.

Module Review and Takeaways
Course 6292A Module Review and Takeaways Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Review Questions Common Issues Best Practices Tools Review Questions Point to the appropriate section in the course so that students are able to answer the questions presented in this section. You are implementing 64-bit Windows 7 and need to partition the disk to support 25 volumes, some of which will be larger than 2 TB. Can you implement this configuration using a single hard disk? You have created a volume on a newly installed hard disk by using diskpart.exe. Now, you want to continue using diskpart.exe to perform the following tasks: Format the volume for NTFS Assign the next available drive letter. Assign a volume label of “sales-data” What two commands must you use for these tasks? Your organization has recently configured Windows Update to automatically update the Accounting department’s computers at 03:00. This conflicts with the weekly defragmentation of the computers on Wednesday mornings. You must reconfigure the scheduled defragmentation task to occur at midnight on Tuesdays instead. List the steps to modify the defragmentation schedule. You recently upgraded to Windows 7 and are experiencing occasional problems with the shortcut keys on your keyboard. Describe the first action you need to take to resolve the issue and list the steps to perform the action. Review Answers Yes, you can format the disk for GPT rather than MBR. A GPT disk supports up to 128 volumes, each much larger than 2 TB. In addition, you can boot 64-bit Windows 7 from a GPT disk. The two commands are as follows: format fs=ntfs label=sales-data assign Follow these steps to modify the defragmentation schedule: Right-click the volume in Windows Explorer, click Properties, click the Tools tab, and then click Defragment Now. In the Disk Defragmenter window, click Configure schedule. In the Disk Defragmenter: Modify Schedule window, change Choose day to Tuesday and change Choose time to 12:00 AM (midnight). Click OK. Click Close on the Disk Defragmenter window, and OK on the Properties window. Update the device driver for the keyboard. To manually update the driver used for the keyboard, follow these steps in Device Manager: Double-click the Keyboard category of devices. Right-click the device and then click Update Driver Software. Follow the instructions in the Update Driver Software wizard.

Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Common Issues Point to possible troubleshooting tips for the issues presented in this section. You can either discuss possible solutions for the scenarios at the end of the module or assign these scenarios as homework for the students. If you assign the scenarios as homework, provide some high-level hints that might help the students solve the problem stated in the scenarios. You can also do a follow-up debriefing the following day on some of the scenarios that have been assigned as homework to students. You can create high-level hints for each scenario by using the following possible solutions for the scenarios. Issue Troubleshooting tip Configuring disk quotas on multiple volumes Once a quota is created, you can export it and then import it for a different volume. In addition to establishing quota settings on an individual computer by using the methods outlined above, you can also use Group Policy settings to configure quotas. This enables administrators to configure multiple computers with the same quota settings. Exceeding the quota allowance To increase free disk space after exceeding the quota allowance, the user can try the following: Delete unnecessary files Have another user claim ownership of non-user specific files Increase the quota allowance as volume size and policy permits If you have a hardware problem, it can be caused by hardware or a device driver. Troubleshooting hardware problems often starts by troubleshooting device drivers. To identify a device driver problem, answer the questions: Did you recently upgrade the device driver or other software related to the hardware? If so, roll back the device driver to the previous version. Are you experiencing occasional problems, or is the device not compatible with the current version of Windows? If so, upgrade the device driver. Did the hardware suddenly stop working? If so, upgrade the device driver. If that does not solve the problem, reinstall the device driver. If the problem continues, try troubleshooting the hardware problem. Verify a disk requires defragmentation To verify that a disk requires defragmentation, in Disk Defragmenter select the disk you want to defragment and then click Analyze disk. Once Windows is finished analyzing the disk, check the percentage of fragmentation on the disk in the Last Run column. If the number is high, defragment the disk. View shadow copy storage information To view shadow copy storage information, use the Volume Shadow Copy Service administrative command-line tool. Start an elevated Command Prompt and then type “vssadmin list shadowstorage”. The used, allocated, and maximum shadow copy storage space is listed for each volume.

Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Best Practices Help the students understand the best practices presented in this section. Ask students to consider these best practices in the context of their own business situations. Supplement or modify the following best practices for your own work situations: Every time a change is made to a computer, record it. It can be recorded in a physical notebook attached to the computer, or in a spreadsheet or database available on a centralized share that is backed up nightly. If you keep a record of all changes made to a computer, you can trace the changes to troubleshoot problems and offer support professionals correct configuration information. The Reliability Monitor can be used to track changes to the system such as application installs or uninstalls. When deciding what type of volume to create, consider the following questions: How critical is the data or information on the computer? Can automatic replication be set up quickly and easily? If the computer became unbootable, what will be the impact on your business? Is the computer handling multiple functions? Is the data on the computer being backed up on a regular basis? Use the information in the table on the following hidden slide to assist as needed.

Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Task Reference Add a new disk Best Practices for Disk Management Confirm that you are a member of the Backup Operators group or the Administrators group Search Help and Support for "standard account" and "administrator account". For information about groups: Create partitions or volumes Device Management and Installation For information about driver signing, including requirements, review the “Driver Signing Requirements for Windows” page in Windows Hardware Developer Central Format volumes on the disk Overview of Disk Management Performance tuning guidelines Windows 7 Springboard Series Windows Device Experience

Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Tools Point out the location from which each key tool can be installed. Let students review the function and usage of each tool on their own. Remind students that they can use this as a master list to help them gather all the tools required to facilitate their application support work. Tool Use for Where to find it Defrag.exe Performing disk defragmentation tasks from the command-line Command Prompt Device Manager Viewing and updating hardware settings, and driver software for devices such as internal hard drives, disc drives, sound cards, video or graphics cards, memory, processors, and other internal computer components Control Panel Device Stage Help when interacting with any compatible device connected to the computer. From Device Stage you can view the device’s status and run common tasks from a single window. There are pictures of the devices which helps make it simpler to view what is there. Taskbar Devices and Printers Provides users a single location to find and manage all the devices connected to their Windows 7 -based computers. Also provides quick access to device status, product information, and key functions such as faxing and scanning to enhance and simplify the customer experience with a Windows 7 - connected device. Disk Defragmenter Rearranging fragmented data so that disks and drives can work more efficiently In Windows Explorer, right-click a volume, click Properties, click the Tools tab, and then click Defragment Now. Disk Management Managing disks and volumes, both basic and dynamic, locally or on remote computers. Click Start, type “diskmgmt.msc” in the search box, and then click diskmgmt.msc in the results list. Diskpart.exe Managing disks, volumes, and partitions from the command-line or from Windows PE Open a command prompt and then type “diskpart” Fsutil.exe Performing tasks that are related to file allocation table (FAT) and NTFS file systems, such as managing reparse points, managing sparse files, or dismounting a volume Command Prompt (elevated) Pnputil.exe Adding drivers to and managing drivers in the device store Quota Settings Tracking and restricting disk consumption In Windows Explorer, right-click a volume, click Properties, click Quota, and then click Show Quota Settings. Volume Shadow Copy Service (Vssadmin.exe) Viewing and managing shadow copy storage space Windows Update Automatically applying updates that are additions to software that can help prevent or fix problems, improve how your computer works, or enhance your computing experience. Online

Course 6292A Notes Page Over-flow Slide. Do Not Print Slide. See Notes pane. Module 2: Configuring Disks and Device Drivers Common Terms, Definitions, and Descriptions Term Definition Basic disk A disk initialized for basic storage. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives. Dynamic disk A disk initialized for dynamic storage. A dynamic disk contains dynamic volumes, such as simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes, mirrored volumes, and RAID-5 volumes. Volume A storage unit made from free space on one or more disks. It can be formatted with a file system and assigned a drive letter. Volumes on dynamic disks can have any of the following layouts: simple, spanned, mirrored, striped, or RAID-5. All volumes on a physical disk must be either basic or dynamic, and each disk must be partitioned. You can view the contents of a volume by clicking its icon in Windows Explorer or in My Computer. A single hard disk can have multiple volumes, and volumes can also span multiple disks. System volume The disk volume that contains the hardware-specific files that are needed to start Windows. On x86 computers, the system volume must be a primary volume that is marked as active. This requirement can be fulfilled on any drive on the computer that the system BIOS searches when the operating system starts. The system volume can be the same volume as the boot volume; this configuration is not required. There is only one system volume. Boot volume The disk volume that contains the Windows operating system files and the supporting files. The boot volume can be the same volume as the system volume; this configuration is not required. There is one boot volume for each operating system in a multi-boot system. Partition A contiguous space of storage on a physical or logical disk that functions as though it were a physically separate disk. Disk partitioning The process of dividing the storage on a physical disk into manageable sections that support the requirements of a computer operating system. Logical Block Address (LBA) A method of expressing a data address on a storage medium. Used with SCSI and IDE disk drives to translate specifications of the drive into addresses that can be used by enhanced BIOS. LBA is used with drives that are larger than 528MB.

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