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INSECTS AND NEMATODES. 1)Describe the biology of insects 2)Classify insects 3)Classify nematodes and describe their biology 4)Explain scouting and threshold.

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Presentation on theme: "INSECTS AND NEMATODES. 1)Describe the biology of insects 2)Classify insects 3)Classify nematodes and describe their biology 4)Explain scouting and threshold."— Presentation transcript:

1 INSECTS AND NEMATODES

2 1)Describe the biology of insects 2)Classify insects 3)Classify nematodes and describe their biology 4)Explain scouting and threshold in insect management 5)Describe methods of insect and nematode management OBJECTIVES:

3  Head- eyes, antennae, and mouthparts  Thorax- wings and 3 pairs of legs  Abdomen- contains organs for digestion, reproduction, and excretion 3 MAJOR BODY SEGMENTS:

4  Chewing- bites off, chews, and swallows plant parts  Sucking- pierces outer layer of plants parts and draws sap from it MOUTHPARTS:

5  Metamorphosis- stages of development where insects go from egg to adult, there are 2 types:  Incomplete- 3 stages: egg, nymph, adult  Complete- 4 stages: egg, larvae, pupa, adult REPRODUCTION: Incomplete

6  Scientific classification- phyla are further divide into classes; classes are further divided into orders and then families, genus, and species  Insects are in the arthropoda phylum  Nematodes are in the Nematoda phylum INSECT CLASSIFICATION

7  Beneficial insect- one that is of value for the role it fills in the environment  Harmful insect- one that causes damage to plants, animals or property INSECT CLASSIFICATION

8  Mouthparts Classification- control measures must be selected based upon the way an insect feeds  Reproduction classification- determined by the type of metamorphosis they go through which also determines control method  Feeding location classification- one of the 3 types must be identified in order to effectively choose a control method INSECT CLASSIFICATION

9  External feeders- chew or suck form the exterior of the plant  Internal feeders- chewing type that bore into the plant and go inside to feed  Subterranean- species in the soil that attack plant roots. INSECT CLASSIFICATION

10  Nematodes- damage plants by piercing and sucking juice or tunneling inside plant roots and secreting a substance that injures the roots. The injury allows fungi and bacteria to enter the roots which can cause disease.  2 types root knot (attacks the roots) and foliar (attacks the leaves or stem) NEMATODE CLASSIFICATION AND BIOLOGY:

11  Scouting- visually inspecting for the presence of insect pests and damage  Threshold- density of the pest population that will justify using pest management measures, there are 2 types of thresholds:  Economic- the balance of cost with returns  Aesthetic- deals with the appearance of plants such as turf METHODS OF INSECT AND NEMATODE MANAGEMENT:

12  Quarantine- isolation or exclusion of a pest problem  Cultural management- preventing insect and nematode problems by the practices used in growing the plants such as:  Crop rotation  Residue management  Trap crops  Using resistant varieties  Sanitation SELECTING MANAGEMENT METHODS:

13  Releasing beneficial insects  Disrupting reproduction  Using bacteria and fungi BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT:

14  Pesticides:  Insecticides- used to kill insects, classified by entry  Contact- absorbed through skin or exterior  Stomach- must be ingested  Respiratory- must be inhaled  Systemic- taken up by the plant and passed on to pest through ingestion of plant  Formulation- the way pesticide is prepared  Active Ingredient- percent poison material in an insecticide  Nematocides- used to kill nematodes CHEMICAL USE:

15  Used to genetically modify or alter an organism by adding or subtracting qualities through the changing of the genetic code  Transgenic- plants altered by genetic engineering GENETIC ENGINEERING:

16  Plants can be damaged by nematodes and insect pests, the control of these pests improves the quality and amount of plant production. All known factors should be considered when planning a method of control.  Some insects are beneficial others are harmful. Knowing the biology of insects affects the control method choice. Insects have 3 parts head, thorax, and abdomen. SUMMARY:

17  Insects feed in two primary ways, chewing and sucking.  Some feed on the exterior of plants, some feed on the inside, while others feed below the soil.  Damage by insects often occurs at different stages of their development. Insects have either complete or incomplete metamorphosis.  The larvae stage often causes the most damage to plants. SUMMARY:

18  Nematodes live in the soil and attack plant roots like the cyst nematode or live above the soil and attack plant leaves and stems.  There are various control methods used to combat insects and nematodes.  Scouting helps determine the threshold of insect impact thus establishing grounds for the application of a control method such as:  quarantine, cultural control, biological control, chemical control, and genetic engineering. SUMMARY:


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