1. Why is the universe lumpy? Tuesday, February 19

3. The average density of the universe is 9 × 10 -27 kg/m 3. much denser Some of the universe is much denser than average (stars, white dwarfs, black holes…) less dense However, most of the universe is slightly less dense than average (intergalactic voids).

4. Dark energy Dark energy : apparently uniform density, with no lumps. Evidence: speeding up of expansion seems to be the same everywhere.

5. Dark matter Dark matter : large lumps, about 1 megaparsec across. Evidence: “dark halos” around galaxies and clusters of galaxies.

6. Ordinary matter Ordinary matter (protons, neutrons, electrons): small, but extremely dense, lumps. stars Evidence: Some of these lumps (that is, stars) glow in the dark!

7. (1) Why is the average density so close to the critical density? (2) Why isn’t the density equal to the average density everywhere? flat Why is the universe flat on large scales? lumpy Why is the universe lumpy on small scales?

8. The answers to these two questions are actually linked!! By explaining why the average density is close to critical, we can also explain why there are deviations from the average. 1 st question first…

9. Why should the average density of the universe (ρ) be so close to the theoretical critical density (ρ crit )? Ω There’s no law of nature that says Ω ( = ρ/ρ crit ) must be equal to one. Why not Ω =0.001 or Ω = 1000?

10. Maybe it’s just a coincidence that Ω is close to one, and space is nearly flat. harder to explain The coincidence becomes harder to explain as you look into the past. increase with time Why? Deviations of Ω from one tend to increase with time.

11. Distance between two galaxies Time Ω → ∞ Ω → 0 Ω = 1 Flashback slide!

12. Big Chill If Ω is slightly less than 1, we expect a Big Chill (Ω goes to zero). Big Crunch If Ω is slightly greater than 1, we expect a Big Crunch (Ω goes to infinity). What we observe today: 0.9 < Ω < 1.1

13. Today (t = 14 billion years): 0.9 < Ω < 1.1 Transparency (t = 350,000 years): 0.9997 < Ω < 1.0003 Nucleosynthesis (t = 7 minutes): 1 – 10 -14 < Ω < 1 + 10 -14

14. one part in 100 trillion, or less At the time of primordial nucleosynthesis, the density differed from the critical density by one part in 100 trillion, or less. existence Our very existence depends on this close agreement – otherwise the universe would have Crunched or Chilled before stars could form.

15. Flatness Problem: fairly insanely Since the universe is fairly close to flat today, it must have been insanely close to flat in its early history. What flattened the early universe (so that it was even flatter than Kansas)?

16. Until the year 1981, cosmologists were baffled by the flatness problem. inflation 1981: Alan Guth proposes the idea of inflation.

17. Inflation Inflation = a brief period of highly accelerated expansion, early in the history of the universe. Size (meters) Time (seconds)

18. Highly relevant questions: How does inflation solve the flatness problem? Why did the universe start inflating exponentially (& why did it stop)?

19. According to the current model of inflation: At t ≈ 10 -35 seconds, the universe started expanding exponentially, doubling in size every 10 -35 seconds. Inflation ended at t ≈ 10 -33 seconds, after expansion by a factor 10 30.

20. At the beginning of inflation, it had a radius r ≈ 10 -30 meter!!! At the end of inflation, it had a radius r ≈ 1 meter! Today, the observable universe has a radius r ≈ c/H 0 ≈ 4300 Mpc ≈ 10 26 meters

21. does Yes, the universe does expand by 1 meter during a time of 10 -33 seconds. is Yes, a speed of 10 33 meters/second is vastly larger than the speed of light. No, this doesn’t violate the laws of relativity.

22. If information travels from one point to another faster than light, it travels backward in time. This can cause nasty paradoxes. However, if the expansion of the universe carries two points away from each other faster than light, this doesn’t transfer information.

23. How does inflation solve the flatness problem? Inflation greatly increases the radius of curvature of the universe.

24. Suppose the radius of the universe was only one nanometer (10 -9 meter) before inflation. After inflation, the radius would be 30,000 parsecs; today, 3 trillion trillion megaparsecs.

25. Inflation Primordial nucleosynthesis Transparency Now Time (in seconds)

26. inflation v. 4.1.2: Hot Big Bang model with inflation.

27. Why did the universe start inflating exponentially (& why did it stop)? According to the particle physicists: universe underwent a phase transition at t ≈ 10 -35 seconds. Example of a modern phase transition: water freezes.

28. When water goes from liquid to solid, it goes from a random state to an ordered state. Energy is released.

29. During a freeze in Florida, orange trees are sprayed with water. Why? The energy released by freezing water warms the leaves & fruit.

30. The energy released by the phase transition at t ≈ 10 -35 sec acts (temporarily) like dark energy. now now Expansion of the universe is accelerating now, just as it was at t ≈ 10 -35 sec. Is the universe now undergoing a phase transition?

31. flat Why is the universe flat on large scales? inflation Because it underwent inflation early in its history. lumpy Why is the universe lumpy on small scales? inflation Because it underwent inflation early in its history.

32. Inflation increases a length scale of 1 nanometer (the size of an atom) to 30,000 parsecs (the size of a galaxy).

33. On subatomic scales, the universe is full of quantum fluctuations. A vacuum looks empty, but it’s full of particles & antiparticles being created & destroyed.

34. This is a result of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: we can’t specify exactly the energy of a subatomic patch of the universe. Some patches are higher in energy: some are lower.

35. Ordinarily, these quantum fluctuations are on tiny scales. However, inflation increased tiny scales (1 nanometer) to galaxy-sized scales (30,000 parsecs)! C M B Cosmic Microwave Background

36. The high-density (warm) and low-density (cool) spots on the CMB… …are tiny quantum fluctuations that have been blown up in scale.

37. Great Oaks from Tiny Acorns Grow. denser more massive A dense region will become denser & more massive with time; its gravity attracts surrounding matter. The quantum fluctuations blown up by inflation are the “acorns”.

38. Thursday’s Lecture: Reading: Chapter 11 The Biggest Things in the Universe