1. Unit G Emergency Care Skills

2. Bleeding and Wounds
Abrasion: skin scraped off, bleeding limited

3. Caused by sharp object (pin, nail, etc
Caused by sharp object (pin, nail, etc.) External bleeding minimal, may lead to infection or tetanus
Puncture

4. A tearing of tissues from excessive force, jagged edges, bleeding may be heavy. Deep lacerations may become infected
Laceration

5. A cut with sharp object such as a knife, scissors, razor blade, etc
A cut with sharp object such as a knife, scissors, razor blade, etc., if cut is deep, bleeding can be heavy, also can have damage to muscles and nerves
Incision

6. Bleeding and Wounds continued..
avulsion: tissue torn or separated from the body, bleeding is heavy, important to preserve the body part because a surgeon may be able to reattach it
amputation: body part cut off or separated from the body, bleeding can be extensive, important to preserve separated part for reattachment. Wrap part in cool, moist dressing (sterile water or saline preferred) and place in plastic bag. Keep bag cool or in ice water and transport with the victim. (Don’t place the body part in direct contact with the ice.)

7. ~Arterial bleeding is bright red in color and life threatening.
~Venous bleeding is slower and dark red.
A. Bleeding and Wounds

8. Control Bleeding Direct Pressure Elevation Pressure Bandage
Pressure points
Use protective barrier to control bleeding (gloves)
or thick layers of dressings. Avoid direct contact
with blood. Wash hands after providing first aid.
Control Bleeding

9. Infection Signs and symptoms of wound infection: Swelling Heat Redness
Pain
Fever
Pus
Red Streaks
Infection

10. Tetanus- bacterial infection, most common in puncture wounds, be sure to find out when victim last had tetanus shot, advise to consult medical professional about tetanus booster.
Close Wounds
If a bruise, apply cold
Signs of internal bleeding-pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity, cold and clammy skin, rapid and weak pulse, uncontrolled restlessness, excessive thirst, vomiting blood, blood or urine in feces.
Infection

11. Shock
When caring for bleeding/wounds, or any other injury or illness, be alert for signs of shock. Clinical set of signs and symptoms associated with inadequate supply of blood to body organs, especially the brain and heart. [ If not treated shock can lead to death, even when the victim’s injuries are not life threatening.]

12. Shock Caused by: Hemorrhage Excessive pain Infection Heart attack
Poisoning by chemicals, drugs or gases
Lack of oxygen
Psychological trauma
Dehydration from burns, vomiting, or diarrhea
Shock

13. Shock Symptoms: Skin pale or cyanotic Skin cool to touch Diaphoresis
Pulse rapid and weak
Respirations rapid and shallow
Hypotension
Victim weak, listless, confused and eventually unconscious
Victim anxious and extremely restless
Victim may complain of excessive thirst
Victim may experience nausea and vomiting
Victim may complain of blurred vision – as shock progresses, eyes may appear sunken and have vacant, confused expression, pupils dilate
Shock

14. Shock Get medical help right away. If possible:
Eliminate the cause of shock
Improve circulation to the brain and heart
Provide oxygen
Maintain body temperature
Shock

15. Shock Positioning patient depends on injuries:
IF NECK OR SPINAL INJURY SUSPECTED
-do not move the victim
How would you position the following victims?
Victim has a broken arm, no other apparent injuries.
Victim is vomiting and bleeding profusely from
a lacerated tongue.
Victim has broken rips and is dyspneic.
Shock

16. Cover the patient with blankets or additional clothing
Cover the patient with blankets or additional clothing. Blankets may also be placed between the ground and the victim.
Avoid giving the patient anything to eat or drink. A wet cloth may be used to moisten the lips and mouth.
If help wont arrive for more than an hour and dehydration is evident, provide fluids.
Shock

17. If poison is ingested, call a poison control center (PCC) or physician immediately. If not available call EMS.
Save the label or container of the substance taken.
If it is helpful to know-estimate how much was taken and the time the poisoning occurred.
If the victim vomits, save a sample.
If the victim is unconscious check for breathing. Provide rescue breathing is the victim is not breathing. If victim is breathing, turn victim on his-her side.
Poisoning

18. Poisoning If the poison control center tells you to induce vomiting:
Give syrup of ipecac
Tickle the back of the victims throat
Administer warm salt water
DO NOT induce vomiting if:
The victim is unconscious
The victim swallowed acid of alkali
The victim swallowed petroleum
The victim is convulsing
The victim has burns on the lips or mouths
Poisoning

19. Vomiting only removes half of the poison, so you may need to administer activated charcoal to counteract the remaining poison.
If poisoning is due to gas inhalation…remove victim from area
Poisoning

20. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Odorless and colorless gas
Before entering the area, take a deep breath and don’t breathe the gas while removing the victim from the area
After the rescue, check for breathing and administer CPR if needed
Obtain medical help immediately
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

21. Chemicals or Poisons that come in Contact with Skin
Wash with large amounts of water
Remove clothing or jewelry that contains the substance
If poisonous plant, wash with soap and water- use Calamine or Caladryl (or paste made from baking soda and water.)
Obtain medical help

22. For insect bite, sting or snakebite…
If possible, hold part below level of the heart
Remove the stinger and wash the area with soap and water
Apply sterile dressing and cold pack
Monitor the victim and give CPR if needed
Watch for allergic reaction
Treat for shock

23. BURNS

24. First Degree Burns Involves only the epidermis Heals in 5-6 days
No scarring
Skin red, mild swelling
Victims feels pain
Usually cause by the sun, hot objects or steam, or exposure to weak acid-alkali
First Degree Burns

25. Second Degree Burns Epidermis and dermis Blister or vesicle forms
Skin red an mottle with swelling
Surface appears wet
Very painful
Usually cause by the sun, sunlamp, contact with hot or boiling liquids, contact with fire
Second Degree Burns

26. Third Degree Burns Injury to all layers and underlying tissue
Area has white or charred appearance
Can be extremely painful or painless (if nerve endings destroys)
Usually caused by flames, prolonged contact with hot objects, contacts with electricity, immersion in hot or boiling liquids
Third Degree Burns

27. Treatment Remove source of heat Cool affected skin area Cover the burn
Relieve pain
Observe pain
Observe and treat for shock
Medical care should be obtained in more than 15% of adult body burned (10% of a child)
Treatment

28. DO NOT apply cotton, tissues, ointment, powders, oils, grease, butter, or other substances to the burned area unless you are instructed to do so by a physician
DO NOT break open blister
Call for help immediately if 3rd degree burns
Dehydration can occur quickly with burns
Be alert for signs of shock
Remain calm and reassure burn victim
Treatment

29. BONE AND JOINT INJURIES

30. Fractures A break in a bone Closed or simple- does not break the skin
Compound or open-accompanied by open wound
Common signs and symptoms include deformity, limited (loss of) motion, pain and tenderness at fracture site, swelling and discoloration, protrusion of bone ends
Victim may have heard a snap or feel a grating sensation
Treatment includes immobilizing above and below fracture, treat for shock
Fractures

31. Dislocation When the end of bone moves out of the joint
Usually accompanied by tearing- stretching of ligaments
Signs and symptoms include deformity, limited of abnormal movement, swelling, discoloration, pain, tenderness, shortening or lengthening of affected arm or leg
Treatment similar to fractures- immobilize affected area, do not attempt to reduce the dislocation
Dislocation

32. Injury to tissues surrounding a joint when the part is forced beyond its normal ROM
Ligaments, tendons and other tissues stretched or torn
Usually ankle or wrist
Symptoms similar to fracture and dislocation
Treatment includes application of cold, elevation of affected part, and rest
Sprain

33. Strain Overstretching of muscle- frequently the back
Signs-symptoms include sudden pain, swelling and-or bruising
Treatment aimed at resting affected muscle
Strain

34. SUDDEN ILLNESS

35. Heart Attack Blood supply to heart is blocked
If heart stops beating CPR must be performed
Signs/symptoms- chest pain or pressure, pain radiating to shoulders, arms, neck or jaw
Shortness of breath
Cyanosis
Victim weak and apprehensive
Nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness
Encourage victim to relax, place in comfortable position, and obtain medial help
Heart Attack

36. Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Either a clot in a cerebral artery or hemorrhage of a blood vessel in the brain
Signs/symptoms- numbness, paralysis, pupils unequal size, mental confusion, slurred speech, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and loss of consciousness
Remember that although the patient/victim may be unable to speak or may be unconscious, he/she may be able to hear and understand what is going on
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

37. Fainting Temporary reduction of blood supply to the brain
Victim regains consciousness after being in a supine position
Signs- dizziness, extreme pallor, diaphoresis, coldness of the skin, nausea, numbness and tingling of hands and feet
When signs occur, help the victim sit with the head at the level of the knees
If victim loses consciousness, try to prevent injury, loosen clothing, maintain open airway
Fainting

38. Seizure
Occurs in conjunction with high body temperature, head injuries, brain disease, and brain disorders such as epilepsy
Body muscles become rigid followed by jerking movements
During seizure, victim may stop breathing, bite their tongue, lose bladder and bowel control, and injure body parts
Face and lips develop a bluish color
Victim loses consciousness
Convulsion

39. Caused by an increase in the level of glucose in the bloodstream
A result of an excess intake of sugar, failure to take insulin, or insufficient production of insulin
Signs: Confusion, weakness or dizziness, nausea or vomiting, rapid, deep respirations, flushed skin, and fruity smelling breath
Victim will lose consciousness and die if not treated
Obtain medical treatment as quickly as possible
Diabetic Coma

40. Caused by an excess amount of insulin (low level of glucose in bloodstream)
A result of failure to eat or too much insulin
Signs: Muscle weakness, mental confusion, restlessness or anxiety, diaphoresis, pale, moist skin, hunger pains, palpitations
If victim conscious, give sweetened drink or sugar
Avoid giving victim hard candy if confused
If victim loses consciousness, get medical help
Insulin Shock

41. Dressing= sterile covering over wound or injured part
Bandages= materials to hold dressing in place, secure splints, and support body parts
Roller gauze bandages
Triangular bandage
Elastic (Ace) bandages
After bandage applied, check to be sure it is not too tight
(Check circulation by pressing lightly on nail beds lightly on nail beds to make them turn white. Color should return to nail beds immediately.)
Dressing and Bandages