1. European Challenges to the Muslim World
C 25 section 3
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EQs: Why was the Ottoman Empire crumbling? How and Why did Europeans gain influence in the Middle East? How did Muslims react to European influences?

2. Section Summary
By the beginning of the 1800s, the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires began to feel pressure from Europe (Britain, France and Russia)
At the same time, the rulers of each had lost control of their own subjects
The Wahhabi in Arabia and Mahdi in Sudan stressed pure Islamic ideas, something the Ottomans ignored
In boundary territories, peoples revolted against the Ottomans (North Africa, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Lebanon, Armenia)
As a result, emerging European empires began to take some of these territories away

3. Section Summary In response the Ottomans did several things:
They westernized, inviting in European advisors to reform their country…the reforms helped, but only caused social tension…later Sultans eventually threw out the Europeans and became tyrants
A group of liberals called the Young Turks overthrew the Sultan and instituted further reform
These Young Turks then set out to eliminate threats within their empire, blaming the Christian Armenians for most of the problems…this led to a 25 year genocide of Armenians
In 1914, the Turks joined forces with the Germans in a last attempt to save their empire
Meanwhile, Egypt had become a semi-independent state…its leader decided to modernize and sought to build a canal…however, it became indebted to the British, who eventually took over in 1882
In Iran, the Safavids lost power to the Qajars, who attempted reforms, but could not resist European intervention…a division emerged between those who supported European influence and those who supported traditional Islamic law

4. For the remainder of time…
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