1. An Analysis of 10-Gigabit Ethernet Protocol Stacks in Multi-core Environments G. Narayanaswamy, P. Balaji and W. Feng Dept. of Comp. Science Virginia Tech Mathematics and Comp. Science Argonne National Laboratory

2. High-end Computing Trends High-end Computing (HEC) Systems –Continue to increase in scale and capability –Multicore architectures A significant driving force for this trend Quad-core processors from Intel/AMD IBM cell, SUN Niagara, Intel Terascale processor –High-speed Network Interconnects 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GE), InfiniBand, Myrinet, Quadrics Different stacks use different amounts of hardware support How do these two components interact with each other?

3. Multicore Architectures Multi-processor vs. Multicore systems –Not all of the processor hardware is replicated for multicore systems –Hardware units such as cache might be shared between the different cores –Multiple processing units embedded on the same processor die  inter-core communication faster than inter-processor communication On most architectures (Intel, AMD, SUN), all cores are equally powerful  makes scheduling easier

4. Interactions of Protocols with Multicores Depending on how the stack works, different protocols have different interactions with multicore systems Study based on host-based TCP/IP and iWARP TCP/IP has significant interaction with multicore systems –Large impacts on application performance iWARP stack itself does not interact directly with multicore systems –Software libraries built on top of iWARP DO interact (buffering of data, copies) –Interaction similar to other high performance protocols (InfiniBand, Myrinet MX, Qlogic PSM)

5. TCP/IP Interaction vs. iWARP Interaction Network TCP/IP stack App iWARP offloaded Network Library App Library TCP/IP is some ways more asynchronous or “centralized” with respect to host- processing as compared to iWARP (or other high performance software stacks) Packet Arrival Packet Processing Packet Arrival Packet Processing Host-processing independent of application process (statically tied to a single core) Host-processing closely tied to application process

6. Presentation Layout Introduction and Motivation Treachery of Multicore Architectures Application Process to Core Mapping Techniques Conclusions and Future Work

7. MPI Bandwidth over TCP/IP

8. MPI Bandwidth over iWARP

9. TCP/IP Interrupts and Cache Misses

10. MPI Latency over TCP/IP (Intel Platform)

11. Presentation Layout Introduction and Motivation Treachery of Multicore Architectures Application Process to Core Mapping Techniques Conclusions and Future Work

12. Application Behavior Pre-analysis A four-core system is effectively a 3.5 core system –A part of a core has to be dedicated to communication –Interrupts, Cache misses How do we schedule 4 application processes on 3.5 cores? If the application is exactly synchronized, there is not much we can do Otherwise, we have an opportunity! Study with GROMACS and LAMMPS

13. GROMACS Overview Developed by Groningen University Simulates the molecular dynamics of biochemical particles The root distributes a “topology” file corresponding to the molecular structure Simulation time broken down into a number of steps –Processes synchronize at each step Performance reported as number of nanoseconds of molecular interactions that can be simulated each day Core 0Core 1Core 2Core 3Core 4Core 5Core 6Core 7 Combination A04267351 Combination B02465137

14. GROMACS: Random Scheduling Machine 1 coresMachine 2 cores

15. GROMACS: Selective Scheduling Machine 1 coresMachine 2 cores

16. LAMMPS Overview Molecular dynamics simulator developed at Sandia Uses spatial decomposition techniques to partition the simulation domain into smaller 3-D subdomains –Each subdomain allotted to a different process –Interaction required only between neighboring subdomains – improves scalability Used the Lennard-Jones liquid simulation within LAMMPS Core 0Core 1Core 2Core 3 Core 0Core 1Core 2Core 3 Network

17. LAMMPS: Random Scheduling Machine 1 coresMachine 2 cores

18. LAMMPS: Intended Communication Pattern Computation MPI_Send() MPI_Irecv() MPI_Wait() MPI_Send() MPI_Irecv()

19. LAMMPS: Actual Communication Pattern Computation MPI_Send() MPI_Wait() MPI buffer Socket Send Buffer Socket Recv Buffer Application Recv Buffer MPI_Send() Application Recv Buffer “Slower” CoreFaster Core MPI buffer Socket Send Buffer Socket Recv Buffer MPI_Send() Application Recv Buffer “Slower” CoreFaster Core Computation “Out-of-Sync” Communication between processes

20. LAMMPS: Selective Scheduling Machine 1 coresMachine 2 cores

21. Presentation Layout Introduction and Motivation Treachery of Multicore Architectures Application Process to Core Mapping Techniques Conclusions and Future Work

22. Concluding Remarks and Future Work Multicore architectures and high-speed networks are becoming prominent in high-end computing systems –Interaction of these components is important and interesting! –For TCP/IP scheduling order drastically impacts performance –For iWARP scheduling order has no overhead –Scheduling processes in a more intelligent manner allows significantly improved application performance –Does not impact iWARP and other high-performance stack making the approach portable while efficient Dynamic process to core scheduling!

23. Thank You Contacts: Ganesh Narayanaswamy: cnganesh@cs.vt.educnganesh@cs.vt.edu Pavan Balaji: balaji@mcs.anl.govbalaji@mcs.anl.gov Wu-chun Feng: feng@cs.vt.edufeng@cs.vt.edu For More Information: http://synergy.cs.vt.edu http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~balaji

24. Backup Slides

25. MPI Latency over TCP/IP (AMD Platform)