1. Mothers unwilling to go to clinics Low staff skills Inadequate number of clinics Shortage of drugs High infant mortality rates Commercial pressure for milk supplement Seasonality of high protein foods Cause Effect Low attendance at rural clinics Poor nutritional state of babies Fewer babies vaccinated Birth problems diagnosed late Low standards of patient care High rate of birth problems High rates of infection in babies High rates of infection in infants

2. There are two difficulties in problem identification and analysis. Inadequate problem specification and “absent solutions”. Inadequate problem specification – insufficient detail does not communicate the true nature of the problem. Example “Poor Management”. Absent solutions – a statement that does not describe the negative problem but describes the absence of a desired situation. Example “Lack of Trained Staff”. Always be careful of using statements that start with – “Lack of……”

3. Analysis of Objectives Transforming problems into Priorities ProblemObjective Infant mortality rates reduced. Reduced incidence of birth complications Earlier diagnosis of birth complications Birth complications diagnosed late High incidence of birth complications High infant mortality rates

4. Mothers willing to go to clinics Improved staff skills Increased number of clinics Sufficient drugs available Infant mortality rates reduced Increased numbers of babies breast feed high protein foods available all year Means Ends Increased attendance at rural clinics Nutritional state of babies improved More babies vaccinated Early diagnosis of birth problems Standards of patient care increased Reduced rate of birth problems Rates of infection in babies reduced Rates of infection in infants reduced

5. Strategy Analysis The final stage of analysis is to decide on the strategy (ies) which will be used to achieve the desired goals. Strategy analysis involves deciding what priorities will be IN the strategy or project and which will be OUT and what the purpose and overall objective will be. In addition to examining the logic, strategy analysis also looks at the feasibility of different interventions.

6. Mothers willing to go to clinics Improved staff skills Increased number of clinics Sufficient drugs available Infant mortality rates reduced Increased numbers of babies breast feed high protein foods available all year Means Ends Increased attendance at rural clinics Nutritional state of babies improved More babies vaccinated Early diagnosis of birth problems Standards of patient care increased Reduced rate of birth problems Rates of infection in babies reduced Rates of infection in infants reduced Nutritional Primary healthcare Secondary healthcare

7. The Planning Phase The main output of LFA is the logframe matrix. This provides the basis for checking the feasibility of the project. For management and supervision of projects, it defines the tasks to be undertaken, resources required and management responsibility. In the next two columns, (objectively verifiable indicators and sources of verification) the logframe provides the framework against which the project can be monitored and evaluated.

8. The Logframe Matrix The logframe for all its advantages when understood and professionally used provides no magic solution to identifying and designing good projects. The principal of “Garbage in - Garbage out” still applies if it is simply used mechanistically.

9. An aid to thinking The logframe should not be seen as a mechanical tool but an aid to thinking. It should be used as a dynamic tool which should be reassessed and revised as the project develops. It should be used to provide structure and purpose to project planning and budgeting without being perceived as inflexible.

10. An aid to thinking The logframe itself consists of a table or matrix, which has four columns and four rows. The vertical logic identifies what the project aims to do, clarifies cause and effect and specifies the important assumptions and uncertainties beyond the managements control. The horizontal logic relates to the measure of the effects, resources used by the project through the specification of key indicators and measurement and the means of which measurement will be verified.

11. The Logframe Matrix IF results are delivered AND assumptions true, THEN the project purpose will be achieved. Intervention LogicVerifiable indicatorsSources of verificationAssumptions Overall objective Project purpose Results Activities

12. Levels of objectives The objectives selected for inclusion in the project are transposed into the first column of the logframe and set out the intervention logic of the project. During this stage it is essential to ensure that the levels of objectives are correct.

13. The Overall Objective This should explain why the programme is important to society, in terms of the long-term benefits to the beneficiaries and the wider benefits to other groups. It should show how the programme fits into the regional /sectoral policies of the EU and the regional governments / organisations concerned. The Overall Objectives will not be achieved by the project alone but will require the impact of other programmes and projects as well.

14. Project purpose Should address the core problem and be defined in terms of the benefits to be received by the project beneficiaries or target group as a result of utilising the services provided by the programme. ONLY EVER ONE PROJECT PURPOSE !!!!!!!

15. Results Describe the services to be delivered to the intended beneficiaries or target group and it should be possible for project management to be held accountable for their delivery. The results should address the main cause of the problem the target group faces. To ensure relevance of results the problem analysis should have identified a beneficiary demand for project services.

16. Activities How the projects goods and services will be delivered. One of the keys of using the logframe successfully is understanding what the definitions mean in operational terms and in particular the relationship between Results and Project Purpose.

17. Activities Managers are accountable for delivering Results. They cannot Control the behaviour of the target group. Achievement of the Project Purpose requires a “beneficiary response” where the target group gets benefit for themselves from the project services. This does not mean that project managers are not responsible for achieving the Project Purpose. Responsible for ensuring services meet beneficiary needs and preferences.

18. Beneficiary response Intervention LogicVerifiable indicatorsSources of verificationAssumptions Overall objective Project purpose Results Activities Response by beneficiaries to project results

19. Project Purpose Where many fall down is that they fail to set a single Project Purpose. When there are more than one Project Purpose it implies an overly complex project with possible management problems. Multiple Project Purpose indicates unclear or conflicting objectives. Clarifying and agreeing what will define the projects success is therefore a critical step in project design.

20. Transposing Objectives into the Logframe Overall Objective level Project Purpose level Results level Activities level Infant mortality Rates reduced Rates of infection In infants reduced Reduced rate of birth problems More babies vaccinated Increased attendance at rural clinics Increased number of Assisted births Standards of patient Care increased Earlier diagnosis of Birth problems Rates of infection In babies reduced Clinics vehicles operational Management of funds improved Village birth attendants trained INOUT

21. Assumptions During the Analysis Phase it will become apparent that the project cannot achieve all the objectives identified. Once a strategy has been selected, objectives not included in the Intervention logic and other external factors remain. These will affect the projects implementation and long term sustainability but lie outside its control. These conditions must be met if the project is to succeed and are included in the assumptions column of the logframe.

22. Transposing assumptions into the Logframe Overall Objective level Project Purpose level Results level Activities level Infant mortality Rates reduced Rates of infection In infants reduced Reduced rate of birth problems More babies vaccinated Increased attendance at rural clinics Increased number of Assisted births Standards of patient Care increased Earlier diagnosis of Birth problems Rates of infection In babies reduced Clinics vehicles operational Management of funds improved Village birth attendants trained INOUT Nutritional status of babies improved Increased availability Of high protein food

23. Pre-conditions Pre-conditions differ from assumptions in that they must be met before a project can commence. For example, without certain policy measures being implemented by a partner the project rational is undermined. The probability and significance of these conditions being met should be estimated as part of assessing the riskiness of the project. Some will be critical to the projects success others just marginal.