1. Mass Wasting

2. Mass wasting / slope failure / landslides refers to all downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Speeds range from extremely fast to extremely slow.

3. Landslide General term for rapid downslope movements/failure

4. Classification of Landslides Based on the type of MATERIALS involved, the SPEED (velocity) of movement, and the TYPE or mechanism of downslope movement.

5. Downslope Movements Types –Fall –Topple –Flow –Slide –Subsidence

6. What types of material are involved? 1.ROCK – a hard or firm mass that was intact and in its natural place before the initiation of movement. 2.SOIL – an aggregate of minerals and rocks that either was transported or was formed by the weathering of rock in place. a) Earth – 2 mm particles  80% b) Debris –2 mm particles < 20%

7. How fast does a landslide move? Very Slow – e.g. Creep Moderate – e.g.Slumps and earthflows Rapid to Very Rapid - e.g. Rockfalls and Avalanches

8. Fall Halsema Highway H. Cabria, 2002 www.goodearthgraphics.com/photo/ geology/rockfall.jpg Colorado River http://anaheim-landslide.com/types.htm http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol351/imgset.html Similkameen Valley, BC

9. Topple http://anaheim-landslide.com/types.htm http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol351/imgset.html Chaco Canyon, NM www.charmouth.org/html/geology/ geology%20gallery/gallery.ht Charmouth, UK

10. Slide http://anaheim-landslide.com/types.htm Halsema Highway H. Cabria, 2002 http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol351/imgset.html Liard River, BC Valtellina, Italy

11. Flow http://anaheim-landslide.com/types.htm http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol351/imgset.html South Nation River, Ontario Mt. Pinatubo Lahars El Salvador www.brookes.ac.uk/geology/ 8361/images/mudflow.gif

12. Creep http://anaheim-landslide.com/types.htm Halsema Highway H. Cabria, 2002 Black Hills, South Dakota academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ struc_geo/primary/prim31.jpg www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

13. Complex types Frank Slide, Alberta Huascaran Avalanche, Peru Thistle Slide, Utah Colalo Landslide http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol351/imgset. html S. Catane, 1999

14. Triggers: water input Mudslide after hurricane Mitch, Fall 1998 Millbrae CA, March 2000 Water infiltrating into unstable slope increases pore pressure (“loosens” particles) and adds more weight to slope, favoring failure. www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

15. Triggers: earthquake Ground shaking due to earthquake activity can facilitate slope failure. Nevados Huascaran, Peru, 1970 (18 000 dead) Northridge earthquake, CA, 1994 www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

16. How human activities increase the frequency of landslides? Logging operations Construction leads to oversteepening of slopes - road cuts, quarrying or open-pit mining operations Buildings and structures on a naturally unstable slope Irrigation, watering the lawn, using septic tank for sewage disposal

17. Landslide Control Zoning is an effective way of reducing landslide-related risk, by keeping people from building and living in, or controlling the type of structure built in landslide-prone areas. This approach however is not always viable. Slope stabilization measures can greatly reduce the risk of catastrophic slope failure. In some cases, however, this only serve to delay the inevitable. Riprap wall to control undercutting by stream www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

18. Slope Stabilization

19. Slope stabilization: ground anchoring Drilling to install rock bolts and water pressure monitors (piezometers) Drilling and bolting across plane of weakness Ground anchoring (bolting) www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

20. Slope stabilization: retaining structures Wire mesh Geogrid holds unconsolidated material in place Wire baskets filled with rock www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

21. Slope stabilization: keeping the water out Drains and trenches keep water from infiltrating the top of a slump Short-term precaution against further water input and erosion Revegetation and drainage www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

22. Shelters In some landslide- or avalanche-prone areas, slope stabilization is impractical due to the scale of the unstable slope. This is particularly true for roads in mountainous areas. In this case, sheds are used to divert slides from the road (and people on it). (Note use of old tires to absorb shock of falling rock.) www.geol.umd.edu/~nathalie/GEOL120.htm

23. Slope Stabilization Marcos Highway Rock fence Rockshed Shotcrete Fly-over H. Cabria, 2002 Tuba Fault

24. Mankayan Landslide S. Catane, 1999

25. H. Cabria, 2002 Mankayan Landslide S. Catane, 1999S. Catane, 2000 Aurora Street - 1999 2000 2002

26. Mankayan Landslide PVC pipes are used to prevent waste water from infiltrating the slope. The small PVC pipes were connected to a bigger pipe that directly drains into the creek located below the slope. H. Cabria, 2002

27. Miag-ao Landslide

28. Cherry Hills Landslide (Photo by R. S. Punongbayan)

29. Photo of landslide in Punta, San Francisco, Panaon Island, Southern Leyte, Central Philippines. December 17 – 20, 2003

32. The andesites are moderate to highly weathered while the matrix of the breccia is completely weathered. Soil thickness including highly weathered rocks is about 10 m.

33. Land Subsidence: Causes Man-made: Withdrawal of subsurface support (removing water, petroleum, rocks  voids) Downwarping due to sedimentation, ice loading, dewatering and compaction of sediments Folding or faulting or earthquake Collapse of underground cavern (sinkhole)