1. Chapter 4, Section 5

2. Ben Franklin a leading citizens in Philadelphia invited colonist to join a society that promote useful knowledge The American Philosophical Society as born

3. Colonists enjoyed more social equality than people in England did. However classes still existed Gentry: wealthy planters, merchants, lawyers and royal officials Middle class: farmers who worked their own land, skilled crafts workers, and some trades people 3/4of all white colonist belonged to the middle class

4. Indentured servants: promised to work without wages for four to seven years for whoever would pay their ocean passage to the Americas When their term was over they received “freedom dues,” set of clothes, tools and 50 acres of land

5. Took care the household, her husband, and family Cooked, milked cows, watched children, and made clothing In cities a young single women from a poor family might work as a maid, a cook, or a nurse for a gentry

6. Others worked as midwives or sewed Women sometimes learned trades from her father, brothers, or husband Shoemakers, silversmiths, and butchers

7. Culture of Africans in the colonies varied greatly Rice plantations in South Carolina slaves saw few whites African customs remained strong

8. In port cities like Charleston more than half the population was black. Worked along the docks making ropes, barrels, or helping to build ships In Virginia and Maryland African traditions were weaker Less isolated from whites

9. Fewer Africans lived here

10. Great Awakening: religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s Jonathan Edwards: a New England preacher set off the Great Awakening Called on colonists to examine their lives Warned listeners that unless they heeded the Bible’s teachings “they would be sinners in the hands of an angry God’

11. 1739 George Whitefield, an English minister, arrived in the colonies Drew huge crowds He spoke with passion and feeling as he called on sinners to reform

12. Supports of the Great Awakening often split from churches and formed new ones The growth of new churches forced people to become more tolerant of people with different religions

13. New Englanders were most concerned about education Puritans believed people had a duty to study the Bible So they need to learn how to read

14. 1647 Massachusetts assembly passes a law ordering all parents to teach their children to read and understand the principles of religion All towns with 50 families to hire a school teacher Towns with 100 families had to set up a grammar school to prepare boys for college

15. Public school: school supported by taxes Massachusetts set up the first public schools On e room for all students of all ages Parents paid the teacher with corn, peas, or other food Each child was expected to bring a share of wood to burn in the stove

16. Middle colonies Churches and individual families set up private schools Pupils paid to attend Only wealthy families could afford to educate their children

17. Southern Colonies Families lived to far apart to bring children together in one building Some planters hired tutors Wealthiest planters sent their sons to school in England Slaves were denied education of any kind

18. Apprentice: worked for a master to learn a trade or craft Ex. Glassmaker, papermaking, printing

19. In New England some girls attended dame schools, or private school s, ran by women in their homes Most school in the colonies accepted only boys Girls learned from their mothers

20. European scientist tried to use reason and logic to understand the world Developed theories and performed experiments to test them Ex. Isaac Newton’s force of gravity

21. European thinkers tried to use the same principles to study society They tried to discover natural laws to govern human behavior This movement became known as the Enlightenment

22. Born the son of a poor soap and candle maker Strong believer in self improvement Had only two years of schooling Used his spare time to study literature, mathematics, and foreign languages Became an important colonial leader

23. In Philadelphia he started a successful printing business Published poor Richards Almanac

24. Franklin proved that lightening was a form of electricity Flew a kite during a thunderstorm Bolt of lightning struck wire fastened to the kite and caused a spark

25. He convinced Philadelphia to pave streets and to organize a fire company He and leaders set up the first lending library