1. Research Integrity and Responsible Scholarship Lecture 2: In practice May 21, 2015 René Bekkers Graduate School of Social Sciences VU University Amsterdam

3. About this list of behaviors How ‘bad’ is it? Ideal – FFP In which phase does it happen? Suppose we would ask: “How often have you seen this happen?” “How often have you committed this?”

5. Where does this case fit?

6. Integrity in Five Research Phases FundsIdeasDataPaperPress

7. Course objectives

8. C.S. Lewis “Doing the right thing even when no one is watching”.

10. Integrity contraventions a. falsification of data b. inputting fictitious data c. secretly rejecting research results d. deliberately misusing (statistical) methods e. deliberately misinterpreting results f. plagiarizing (parts of) other people’s publications and results g. wrongly presenting oneself as a co-author h. deliberately ignoring or failing to credit other’s contributions i. culpable lack of scrupulousness when carrying out research

11. Forms of market regulation Complete freedom: no regulation at all. Self-regulation: traders make their own rules and enforcement system. Legal regulation: a law prescribes the rules. Mixed forms are also possible.

12. Market features Guilds: masters, servants, and slaves. Closed markets: driver’s license required. Rescue services: fire brigades and first aid Policing: border patrol and punishment. Doping agency: illegal drugs and detection methods. Incentives: costs and benefits of violations.

13. Codes of conduct Self-regulation: let professionals judge among themselves Potentially conflicting loyalties with multiple stakeholders: university associations, professional associations, academic publishers, journal editors, funders, university policy The general public and the Ministry of Science do not impose rules (yet)

14. Fostering Integrity InfoReflectPledgePracticeCheckPunish This course New Faculty Policy May never happen

15. Codes of conduct 1.International 2.Disciplinary 3.European 4.National 5.University 6.Faculty

16. Codes of conduct and policy ESF/ALLEA: umbrella organization for science funders, researchers, academies VSNU: university association APA: professional association COPE: journal editors EC, foundations: funders VU Amsterdam: university policy Faculty of Social Science: faculty policy

17. ESF / ALLEA code “It is a canon for self-regulation, not a body of law.” “It is not intended to replace existing national or academic guidelines, but to represent Europe-wide agreement on a set of principles and priorities for the research community.”

18. ESF / ALLEA code 1.honesty in communication; 2.reliability in performing research; 3.objectivity: capable of proof and review 4.impartiality and independence: from interests 5.openness and accessibility: of data 6.duty of care: with respect to participants 7.fairness: providing references and giving credit, treating colleagues with honesty 8.responsibility for the scientists and researchers of the future: mentorship and supervision

19. Integrity in Five Research Phases FundsIdeasDataPaperPress 7: Fairness 1: Honesty 4: Impartiality 6: Duty of care 2: Reliability 3: Objectivity 5: Openness 7: Fairness

20. Values of the VSNU code 1.Scrupulousness 2.Reliability 3.Verifiability 4.Impartiality 5.Independence

21. VSNUESF/ALLEA 1. ScrupulousnessScientific activities are performed scrupulously, unaffected by mounting pressure to achieve. 6. Duty of care 7. Fairness 2. Reliability…A scientific practitioner is reliable in the performance of his research and in the reporting, and equally in the transfer of knowledge through teaching and publication. 2. Reliability 1. Honesty 8. Responsibility 3. Verifiability…It is made clear what the data and the conclusions are based on, where they were derived from and how they can be verified. 3. Objectivity 5. Openness 4. Impartiality…the scientific practitioner heeds no other interest than the scientific interest4. Impartiality 5. Independence…Insofar as restrictions of academic liberty are inevitable, these are clearly stated.

22. Faculty policy 1.Survey employees about conceptions and experiences with integrity (violations) 2.Ask department chairs about activities 3.Encourage openness of data 4.Establish an Ethical Review Board (cf. Internal Review Board) 5.This course (and develop others) 6.Encourage debate in research groups 7.Appoint two Integrity counselors (VPI)

23. Ethical Review Board When do you need to apply? How does the procedure work? Who is on the board? What if you disagree with an ERB decision?

24. Data management and storage When do you need to store your data? What data do you have to store, in what form, and where? How should your data be documented? How to deal with privacy concerns? The University Library is developing facilities for data management

25. Fostering Integrity InfoReflectPledgePracticeCheckPunish Codes of conduct and Faculty policy Assignment Peer review

26. Assignments 1 + 2 Formulate a research question that you will answer in your conference paper. In the paper, you reflect on a dilemma in current research practice. Find two peer reviewers from this group. Agree upon a deadline.