1. Interest Grabber Local Conditions
Section 4-1
Local Conditions
How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry?

2. Interest Grabber continued
Section 4-1
1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur?
2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature?
3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others?
4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember?
5. What are two factors that may affect climate?

3. Section Outline 4–1 The Role of Climate A. What Is Climate?
B. The Greenhouse Effect
C. The Effect of Latitude on Climate
D. Heat Transport in the Biosphere

4. The Greenhouse Effect Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse
Section 4-1
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface

5. Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate
Section 4-1
Greenhouse Effect
Different Latitudes
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Sunlight
66.5°N
Arctic circle
Some heat
escapes
into space
Sunlight
Tropic of Cancer
23.5°N
Equator
Most direct sunlight 0°
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5°S
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Arctic circle
66.5°S
Sunlight
Earth’s surface
90°S South Pole

6. Interest Grabber Fitting In
Section 4-2
Fitting In
Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live.
1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation.
2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition.

7. Section Outline 4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
B. The Niche
C. Community Interactions
1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Symbiosis
D. Ecological Succession
1. Primary Succession
2. Secondary Succession
3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem

8. Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM

9. Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM

10. Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Spruce tree

11. Interest Grabber Who’s There?
Section 4-3
Who’s There?
If you have ever been to a zoo or a botanical garden, you may have noticed that the signs that identify the animals or plants also identify the part of the world where these organisms are found. Different kinds of animals and plants are found in different parts of the world.

12. Interest Grabber continued
Section 4-3
1. Describe the climate where you live.
2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms.
3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now?

13. Section Outline 4–3 Biomes A. Biomes and Climate B. The Major Biomes
C. Other Land Areas
1. Mountain Ranges
2. Polar Ice Caps

14. Compare/Contrast Table
Section 4-3
Ten Major Biomes
Biome
Precipitation
Temperature
Soil
Diversity
Trees
Grasses
Tropical Rain Forest
high
hot
poor
dense
sparse
Tropical Dry Forest
variable
mild
rich
moderate
medium
Tropical Savanna
clay
Desert
low
Temperate Grassland
summer hot
absent
Temperate woodland and Shrubland
summer low, winter moderate
Temperate Forest
summer moderate, winter cold
Northwestern Coniferous Forest
summer mild, winter cold
rocky, acidic
Boreal Forest
summer mild, winter cool
poor, acidic
Tundra
summer mild, winter cold

15. Figure 4-11 The World’s Major Land Biomes
Section 4-3
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Mountains and
ice caps
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Boreal forest
(Taiga)

16. Interest Grabber Ride the Waves
Section 4-4
Ride the Waves
The marine ecosystem that is exposed to regular and extreme changes in
its surroundings is the intertidal zone. During high tide, the intertidal zone
is covered by sea water. During low tide, this area is exposed to air, sunlight, and heat.

17. Interest Grabber continued
Section 4-4
1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the intertidal zone?
2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable them to live in this zone?
3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone?

18. Section Outline 4–4 Aquatic Ecosystems A. Freshwater Ecosystems
1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems
2. Standing-Water Ecosystems
3. Freshwater Wetlands
B. Estuaries
C. Marine Ecosystems
1. Intertidal Zone
2. Coastal Ocean
3. Coral Reefs
4. Open Ocean
5. Benthic Zone

19. Freshwater Pond Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Spoonbill
Frogs lay eggs in the shallow
water near shore.The eggs
hatch in the water as tadpoles
and move to the land as adults.
The shore is lined with grasses
that provide shelter and nesting
places for birds and other
organisms.
The roots of water lilies
cling to the pond bottom,
while their leaves, on long
flexible stems, float on the
surface.
The bottom of the pond is
inhabited by decomposers and
other organisms that feed on
particles drifting down from the
Fish share the pond
with turtles and other
animals. Many of
them feed on insects
at the water’s edge.
Plankton and the organisms that
feed on them live near the surface
where there is enough sunlight for
photosynthesis. Microscopic algae
are among the most important
producers.
Duck
Water
lilies
Frog
Dragonfly
Mosquito
larvae
Duckweed
Phytoplankton
Snail
Pickerel
Diving
beetle
Trout
Hydra
Crayfish
Snail
Benthic
crustaceans

20. Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem
Section 4-4
land
Photic zone
200m
Coastal
ocean
1000m
Open
ocean
4000m
Aphotic zone
6000m
Ocean
trench
10,000m
Continental
shelf
Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain

21. Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1
Videos
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Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1
Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2
Video Contents

22. Click the image to play the video segment.
Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 1

23. Click the image to play the video segment.
Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2

24. Go Online Career links on forestry technicians Interactive test
For links on climate and the greenhouse effect, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2041.
For links on biomes, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2043.
For links on aquatic ecosystems, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2044.
Internet

25. Interest Grabber Answers
1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur?
2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature?
3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others?
4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember?
Question 1–4:Answers will vary depending on local conditions. If students have lived in a different part of the country, you may wish to have them contrast the climate in that area with the local climate.
5. What are two factors that may affect climate?
Possible answers: latitude, wind, ocean currents, shape and elevation of land masses
Section 1 Answers

26. Interest Grabber Answers
1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation.
Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Some examples of predation: a hawk captures and feeds on a rabbit; a cat captures and feeds on a mouse.
2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition.
Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Some examples of competition: crop plants and weeds compete for food, water, and sunlight; wolves and foxes compete for the same food (rabbits).
Section 2 Answers

27. Interest Grabber Answers
1. Describe the climate where you live.
2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms.
Questions 1–2: Answers will vary depending on the part of the country in which students live.
3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now?
Sample answer: If the new climate were much colder, animals would probably have thicker fur. Plants would have shorter growing seasons and would produce seeds that could withstand the cold.
Section 3 Answers

28. Interest Grabber Answers
1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the intertidal zone?
Students may say that plants and animals would be small.
2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable them to live in this zone?
Possible answer: Plants would have thick outer layers to resist drying during low tide. Animals would be able to burrow into the sand or have coverings that could hold in water.
3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone?
Waves pound living things, causing them to bounce around, unless they have some means of staying attached to the sand or rocks on the bottom.
Section 4 Answers

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