1. Claude Perrault, with Louis Le Vau and Charles Lebrun
Claude Perrault, with Louis Le Vau and Charles Lebrun. east facade of the Louvre, Paris. 1667–70. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 20-1]
Claude Perrault, with Louis Le Vau and Charles Lebrun. east facade of the Louvre, Paris. 1667–70. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 20-1]

2. Nicolas Poussin. Landscape with St. John on Patmos Oil on canvas. 40 × 53-1/2 in. A. A. Munger Collection, The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 20-2]
Nicolas Poussin. Landscape with St. John on Patmos Oil on canvas. 40 × 53-1/2 in. A. A. Munger Collection, The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 20-2]

3. Peter Paul Rubens. The Disembarkation of Marie de’ Medici at the Port of Marseilles on November 3, Oil on canvas. 13 × 10 ft. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-3]
Peter Paul Rubens. The Disembarkation of Marie de’ Medici at the Port of Marseilles on November 3, Oil on canvas. 13 × 10 ft. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-3]

4. Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Bathers. c. 1765. Oil on canvas
Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Bathers. c Oil on canvas. 25-1/4 × 31-1/2 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-4]
Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Bathers. c Oil on canvas. 25-1/4 × 31-1/2 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-4]

5. Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. The Duchess of Polignac. 1783
Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. The Duchess of Polignac Oil on canvas. 38-3/4 × 28 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig. 20-5]
Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. The Duchess of Polignac Oil on canvas. 38-3/4 × 28 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig. 20-5]

6. François Boucher. Le Chinois galant. 1742. Oil on canvas. 41 × 57 in
François Boucher. Le Chinois galant Oil on canvas. 41 × 57 in. The David Collection, inv.B275. Photo: Pernille Klemp. [Fig. 20-6]
François Boucher. Le Chinois galant Oil on canvas. 41 × 57 in. The David Collection, inv.B275. Photo: Pernille Klemp. [Fig. 20-6]

7. Jean Denis Attiret. The Presentation of Uigur Captives, from Battle Scenes of the Quelling of Rebellions in the Western Regions, with Imperial Poems. c. 1765–74; poem dated Etching, mounted in album form, 16 leaves plus 2 additional leaves of inscriptions. 20 × 73-5/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund [Fig. 20-7]
Jean Denis Attiret. The Presentation of Uigur Captives, from Battle Scenes of the Quelling of Rebellions in the Western Regions, with Imperial Poems. c. 1765–74; poem dated Etching, mounted in album form, 16 leaves plus 2 additional leaves of inscriptions. 20 × 73-5/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund [Fig. 20-7]

8. Angelica Kauffmann. Cornelia, Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures. c Oil on canvas. 40 × 50 in. The Adolph D. and Wlkins C. Williams Fund. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. © Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. [Fig. 20-8]
Angelica Kauffmann. Cornelia, Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures. c Oil on canvas. 40 × 50 in. The Adolph D. and Wlkins C. Williams Fund. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. © Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. [Fig. 20-8]

9. Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat. 1793. Oil on canvas
Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat Oil on canvas. 65 × 50-1/2 in. © Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. [Fig. 20-9]
Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat Oil on canvas. 65 × 50-1/2 in. © Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. [Fig. 20-9]

10. Thomas Jefferson. Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia
Thomas Jefferson. Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia. 1770–84; 1796–1806. © idp eastern USA collection / Alamy. [Fig ]
Thomas Jefferson. Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia. 1770–84; 1796–1806. © idp eastern USA collection / Alamy. [Fig ]

11. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Grande Odalisque. 1814. Oil on canvas
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Grande Odalisque Oil on canvas. 35-1/4 × 63-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Grande Odalisque Oil on canvas. 35-1/4 × 63-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

12. Eugène Delacroix. Odalisque. 1845–50. Oil on canvas. 14-7/8 × 18-1/4 in. Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]
Eugène Delacroix. Odalisque. 1845–50. Oil on canvas. 14-7/8 × 18-1/4 in. Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]

13. Francisco Goya y Lucientes. Saturn Devouring One of His Sons. 1820–22
Francisco Goya y Lucientes. Saturn Devouring One of His Sons. 1820–22. Fresco, transferred to canvas. 57-7/8 × 32-5/8 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Francisco Goya y Lucientes. Saturn Devouring One of His Sons. 1820–22. Fresco, transferred to canvas. 57-7/8 × 32-5/8 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

14. Théodore Géricault. The Raft of the Medusa. 1819. Oil on canvas. 16 ft
Théodore Géricault. The Raft of the Medusa Oil on canvas. 16 ft. 1-1/4 in. × 23 ft. 6 in. Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Théodore Géricault. The Raft of the Medusa Oil on canvas. 16 ft. 1-1/4 in. × 23 ft. 6 in. Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

15. Caspar David Friedrich. Monk by the Sea. 1809–10. Oil on canvas
Caspar David Friedrich. Monk by the Sea. 1809–10. Oil on canvas. 42-1/2 × 67 in. bpk, Berlin /Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Joerg P. Anders/ Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Caspar David Friedrich. Monk by the Sea. 1809–10. Oil on canvas. 42-1/2 × 67 in. bpk, Berlin /Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Joerg P. Anders/ Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

16. Frederic Edwin Church. The Heart of the Andes. 1859. Oil on canvas
Frederic Edwin Church. The Heart of the Andes Oil on canvas. 66-1/8 × 119-1/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Bequest of Margaret E. Dows, 1909 (09.95). [Fig ]
Frederic Edwin Church. The Heart of the Andes Oil on canvas. 66-1/8 × 119-1/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Bequest of Margaret E. Dows, 1909 (09.95). [Fig ]

17. Eugène Delacroix. Liberty Leading the People Oil on canvas. 8 ft. 6-3/8 in. × 10 ft. 8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Eugène Delacroix. Liberty Leading the People Oil on canvas. 8 ft. 6-3/8 in. × 10 ft. 8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

18. Ernest Meissonier. Memory of Civil War (The Barricades). 1849
Ernest Meissonier. Memory of Civil War (The Barricades) Oil on canvas. 11-1/2 × 8-3/4 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Ernest Meissonier. Memory of Civil War (The Barricades) Oil on canvas. 11-1/2 × 8-3/4 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

19. Gustave Courbet. Burial at Ornans Oil on canvas. 10 ft. 3-1/2 in. × 21 ft. 9 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Gustave Courbet. Burial at Ornans Oil on canvas. 10 ft. 3-1/2 in. × 21 ft. 9 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

20. Honoré Daumier. Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism. 1855
Honoré Daumier. Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]
Honoré Daumier. Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]

21. Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais Oil on canvas. 5 ft. 9 in. × 8 ft. 8 in. Gerard Blott/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais Oil on canvas. 5 ft. 9 in. × 8 ft. 8 in. Gerard Blott/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

22. Edouard Manet. Olympia. 1863. Oil on canvas. 51 × 74-3/4 in
Edouard Manet. Olympia Oil on canvas. 51 × 74-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Edouard Manet. Olympia Oil on canvas. 51 × 74-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

23. Edgar Degas. The Glass of Absinthe. 1876. Oil on canvas. 36 × 27 in
Edgar Degas. The Glass of Absinthe Oil on canvas. 36 × 27 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Edgar Degas. The Glass of Absinthe Oil on canvas. 36 × 27 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

24. Claude Monet. Impression—Sunrise. 1872. Oil on canvas
Claude Monet. Impression—Sunrise Oil on canvas. 19-1/2 × 25-1/2 in. Musee Marmottan, Paris, France/Giradon/Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]
Claude Monet. Impression—Sunrise Oil on canvas. 19-1/2 × 25-1/2 in. Musee Marmottan, Paris, France/Giradon/Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]

25. Pierre-Auguste Renoir. La Moulin de la Galette. 1876. Oil on canvas
Pierre-Auguste Renoir. La Moulin de la Galette Oil on canvas. 51-1/2 × 69 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig ]
Pierre-Auguste Renoir. La Moulin de la Galette Oil on canvas. 51-1/2 × 69 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig ]

26. Berthe Morisot. Reading. 1873. Oil on canvas. 17-3/4 × 28-1/2 in
Berthe Morisot. Reading Oil on canvas. 17-3/4 × 28-1/2 in. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Gift of the Hanna Fund, [Fig ]
Berthe Morisot. Reading Oil on canvas. 17-3/4 × 28-1/2 in. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Gift of the Hanna Fund, [Fig ]

27. Claude Monet. Bridge over a Pool of Water Lilies. 1899. Oil on canvas
Claude Monet. Bridge over a Pool of Water Lilies Oil on canvas. 36-1/2 × 29 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 ( ). [Fig ]
Claude Monet. Bridge over a Pool of Water Lilies Oil on canvas. 36-1/2 × 29 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 ( ). [Fig ]

28. James McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold, the Falling Rocket
James McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold, the Falling Rocket. c Oil on oak panel. 23-3/4 × 18-3/8 in. Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / Gift of Dexter M. Ferry Jr. / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]
James McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold, the Falling Rocket. c Oil on oak panel. 23-3/4 × 18-3/8 in. Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / Gift of Dexter M. Ferry Jr. / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]

29. Arapaho artist. Ghost Dance dress. 1890s. Deerskin and pigments
Arapaho artist. Ghost Dance dress. 1890s. Deerskin and pigments. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]
Arapaho artist. Ghost Dance dress. 1890s. Deerskin and pigments. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig ]

30. Paul Gauguin. The Day of the Gods (Mahana no Atua) Oil on canvas. 26-7/8 × 36-1/8 in. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection ( ) The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig ]
Paul Gauguin. The Day of the Gods (Mahana no Atua) Oil on canvas. 26-7/8 × 36-1/8 in. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection ( ) The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig ]

31. Georges Seurat. The Bathers. 1883–84. Oil on canvas
Georges Seurat. The Bathers. 1883–84. Oil on canvas. 79-1/2 × 118-1/2 in. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Georges Seurat. The Bathers. 1883–84. Oil on canvas. 79-1/2 × 118-1/2 in. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

32. Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Cherries and Peaches. 1885–87
Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Cherries and Peaches. 1885–87. Oil on canvas. 19-3/4 × 24 in. Digital Image © 2012 Museum Associates / LACMA. Licensed by Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Cherries and Peaches. 1885–87. Oil on canvas. 19-3/4 × 24 in. Digital Image © 2012 Museum Associates / LACMA. Licensed by Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]

33. Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley. 1882–85. Oil on canvas. 25-3/4 × 32-1/8 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, ( ). [Fig ]
Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley. 1882–85. Oil on canvas. 25-3/4 × 32-1/8 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, ( ). [Fig ]

34. Paul Cézanne. The Large Bathers. 1906. Oil on canvas. 82 × 99 in
Paul Cézanne. The Large Bathers Oil on canvas. 82 × 99 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]
Paul Cézanne. The Large Bathers Oil on canvas. 82 × 99 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig ]